Intelligent Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Systemic Treatment of Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via Enhanced EGFR-Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant subtype of breast cancer, and it is associated with a high recurrence rate, metastatic potential, and poor prognosis. Thus, effective therapeutic strategies for TNBC are urgently required. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is considered to be a potential therapeutic target for TNBC. However, there are limitations to the use of targeted therapies, such as afatinib (AFT), particularly drug resistance. Here, we investigated a poly(d,l-lactide-glycolide) (PLGA)-based intelligent bionic nanoplatform, termed AFT/2-BP@PLGA@MD, which combined targeted therapy with immunotherapy. In this platform, PLGA was used to encapsulate 2-bromo-palmitate (2-BP), a palmitoylation inhibitor, to enhance the efficacy of AFT against TNBC cells. PLGA was coated with a cancer cell membrane anchored with a cleavable peptide by matrix metalloproteinase-2 to block programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). 2-BP significantly enhanced the capacity of AFT to inhibit the proliferation and migration of tumor cells in vitro. Moreover, the tumor cell membrane-coated AFT/2-BP@PLGA@MD nanoparticles exhibited enhanced tumor targeting ability in vivo. The AFT/2-BP@PLGA@MD nanoparticles significantly inhibited the growth and metastasis of 4T1 tumor and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The nanoparticles also triggered antitumor immune response. Collectively, we report an effective therapeutic strategy for clinically refractory TNBC.