Specific Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Based on Fluorescence Quenching of Hollow Porous Gold Nanoshells with Roughened Surface

The detection of tumor biomarkers in the early stage is highly desirable for the therapy of cancer. However, rapid, low-cost, sensitive, and selective detection of biomarkers remains a challenge owing to the sequence homology, short length, and low abundance. This Research Article describes the synthesis of a novel carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) probe using hollow porous gold nanoparticles (HPGNPs) with roughened surface based on fluorescence quenching. For specific detection of CEA, the surface of HPGNP is modified by carboxyl modification, carboxyl activation, and antibody conjugation. Furthermore, to enhance the detection performance, we have systematically optimized the parameters, such as particle size, surfactants, surface roughness, surface hole size, and the molecule-particle distance (MPD). The results demonstrate that the fluorescence quenching efficiency would be enhanced with a larger particle size and surface hole size, roughened surface and a greater MPD. Also, with careful inspection of different surfactants of CTAB and PVP, we find that PVP has the optimal performance on fluorescence quenching. Under these optimized conditions, CEA could be detected with an ultralow detection limit of 1.5 pg/mL, and the probe shows a linear range from 2 to 100 pg/mL. The limit of detection is an order of intensity lower than related methods. Interference experiment results have shown that the influence of the interfering proteins could be neglected in the detection procedure.