8% Efficiency Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe) Thin Film Solar Cells on Flexible and Lightweight Molybdenum Foil Substrates

(CZTSSe) TFSCs on flexible and lightweight Mo foils. Careful studies were focused on identifying the role of preparative parameters such as annealing temperature, absorber composition, and post-preparative optimization to bridge the obtained record efficiency of ∼8% to a previous record efficiency of 7.04% for Na-incorporated CZTSSe sputter-based TFSCs. Interestingly, the preliminary record efficiency of ∼8% for our CZTSSe device grown via a scalable sputtering method was achieved by optimizing the absorber quality and post-preparative device optimization. While our preliminary results with a record efficiency demonstrate the potential of sputtering method, there is much scope for further improvement in the device efficiency by thoroughly understanding alkali element doping in the absorber layer.