Kiwifruit-like Persistent Luminescent Nanoparticles with High-Performance and in Situ Activable Near-Infrared Persistent Luminescence for Long-Term in Vivo Bioimaging

Persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) have great potential for bioimaging because they can eliminate the tissue autofluorescence and improve the signal-to-noise ratio significantly. High-temperature calcination is a necessary process for the PLNPs to achieve high luminescence intensity and long afterglow time. However, high-temperature calcination usually results in uncontrollable morphology and poor homogeneity of PLNPs, which greatly limit their applications. Therefore, there is still a high demand to find a suitable method for synthesizing PLNPs with high luminescence intensity and long afterglow time while maintaining their monodispersed morphology. Herein, we report a facile silica template method to synthesize PLNPs with a kiwifruit-like structure that can tolerate high-temperature calcination. The as-prepared kiwifruit-like SiO 2 @ZnGa 2 O 4:Cr 3+ @SiO 2 PLNPs have enhanced near-infrared persistent luminescence, uniform morphology and size, and good biocompatibility. Moreover, the SiO 2 @ZnGa 2 O 4:Cr 3+ @SiO 2 PLNPs can be repeatedly activated by soft X-rays in situ and emit near-infrared persistent luminescence with long decay time, holding great potential for deep-tissue and long-term in vivo bioimaging. We believe that this study will open new perspectives for synthesizing high-performance PLNPs for optical imaging and diversified applications.