Spatiotemporal Control of Supramolecular Self-Assembly and Function

The enzyme-triggered self-assembly of peptides has flourished in controlling the self-assembly kinetics and producing nanostructures that are typically inaccessible by conventional self-assembly pathways. However, the diffusion and nanoscale chemical gradient of self-assembling peptides generated by the enzyme also significantly affect the outcome of self-assembly, which has not been reported yet. In this work, we demonstrated for the first time a spatiotemporal control of enzyme-triggered peptide self-assembly. By simply adjusting the temperature, we could change both the catalytic activity of the enzyme of phosphatase and their aggregation states. The strategy kinetically controls the production rate of self-assembling peptides and spatially controls their distribution in the system, leading to the formation of nanoparticles at 37 °C and nanofibers at 4 °C. The nanofibers showed ∼10 times higher cellular uptake by 3T3 cells than the nanoparticles, thanks to their higher stability and more ordered structures. Using such spatiotemporal control, we could prepare optimized nanoprobes with low background fluorescence, rapid and high cellular uptake, and high sensitivity. We postulate that this strategy would be very useful in general for preparing self-assembled nanomaterials with controllable morphology and function.