Nanoporous TiNb₂O₇/C Composite Microspheres with Three-Dimensional Conductive Network for Long-Cycle-Life and High-Rate-Capability Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

On the basis of the advantages of ideal cycling stability, high discharge voltage (1.65 V), and excellent reversibility, more and more attention has been focused on TiNb 2 O 7 (marked as TNO) as an anode material candidate for lithium-ion batteries. However, the poor electronic conductivity and low ionic diffusion rate intrinsically restrict its practical use. Herein, we first synthesize the TNO/C composite microspheres with three-dimensionally (marked as 3D) electro-conductive carbon network and abundant nanoporous structure by a simple spray-drying method. The microspheres are constructed by irregularly primary cubic nanoparticle units with size of 100–200 nm. The nanopores throughout the microspheres range from 1 to 50 nm. As an anode material, the prepared TNO/C composite microspheres demonstrate a prominent charge/discharge capacity of 323.2/326 mA h g –1 after 300 cycles at 0.25 C (1 C = 388 mA g –1 ) and 259.9/262.5 mA h g –1 after 1000 long cycles at a high current density of 5 C, revealing the ideal reversible capacity and long cycling life. Meanwhile, the TNO/C composite microspheres present ideal rate performance, showing the discharge capacity of 120 mA h g –1 at 30 C after 10 cycles. The super electrochemical performance could be attributed to the 3D electro-conductive carbon network and nanoporous structure. The nanopores facilitate the permeation of electrolyte into the intercontacting regions of the anode materials. Carbon layers disperse uniformly throughout the 3D microspheres, effectively improving the electrical conductivity of the electrode. Hence, the prepared TNO/C composite microspheres have great potential to be used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.