journal article·2024-07-31

Tuning Hole-Injection in Organic-Light Emitting Diodes with Self-Assembled Monolayers

Despoina Gkeka, Iain Hamilton, Thalis Stavridis, Zhongzhe Liu, Hendrik Faber, Dipti Naphade, Mantas Marčinskas, Tadas Malinauskas, George Harrison, Begimai Adilbekova, Temur Maksudov, Yue Yuan, Dimitrios Kaltsas, Leonidas Tsetseris, Vytautas Getautis, Mario Lanza, Panos Patsalas, Shadi Fatayer, Thomas D. Anthopoulos

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces· Volume 16· Issue 30
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Abstract

Improving hole injection through the surface modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is a promising method for modulating the carrier injection in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, developing SAMs with the required characteristics remains a daunting challenge. Herein, we functionalize ITO with various phosphonic acid SAMs and evaluate the SAM-modified anodes in terms of their work function (WF), molecular distribution, coverage, and electrical conductivity. We fabricate and characterize green phosphorescent SAM-based OLEDs and compared their performance against devices based on the conventional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) hole-injection layer. We find that the usage of [2-(3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (I-2PACz) SAM yields devices with superior performance characteristics, including a maximum luminance of ∼57,300 cd m –2 and external quantum efficiency of up to ∼17%. This improvement is attributed to synergistic factors, including the deep WF of ITO/I-2PACz (5.47 eV), the formation of larger I-2PACz molecular clusters, and the intrinsic I-2PACz dipole, that collectively enhance hole-injection.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Molecular Junctions and Nanostructures · Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics · Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece

Applied Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania

School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15780, Greece

Henry Royce Institute and Photon Science Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.

Funding

Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba · King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

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