Hierarchically Structured Carbon Nanofiber-Enabled Skin-Like Strain Sensors with Full-Range Human Motion Monitoring and Autonomous Self-Healing Capability

Flexible strain sensors that mimic the properties of human skin have recently attracted tremendous attention. However, integrating multiple functions of skin into one strain sensor, e.g., stretchability, full-range motion response, and self-healing capability, is still an enormous challenge. Herein, a skin-like strain sensor was presented by the construction of hierarchically structured carbon nanofibers (CNFs), followed by encapsulation of elastic self-healing polyurethane (PU). The hierarchical sensing structure was composed of diversified CNFs with orientations from highly aligned to randomly oriented, and their different fracture mechanisms enabled the resultant strain sensor to successfully integrate key sensing properties including high sensitivity (gauge factor of 90), wide sensing range (∼80% strain), and fast response (52 ms). These properties, combined with high stretchability (870%) and excellent stability (>2000 cycles), allowed the sensor to precisely detect full-range human motions from large joint motions to subtle physiological signals. Moreover, the strain sensor had spontaneous self-healing capability at room temperature with high healing efficiencies of 97.7%, while the healing process could substantially be accelerated by the natural sunlight (24 h → 0.5 h). The healed sensor possessed comparable stretchability, sensing performance, and accurate monitoring ability of subtle body signals with the original sensor. The biomimetic self-healing functionality along with skin-like sensing properties makes it attractive for next-generation wearable electronics.