In Situ Growth of Amorphous MnO₂ on Graphite Felt via Mild Etching Engineering as a Powerful Catalyst for Advanced Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

Owing to the advantages of low cost, high safety, and a desirable cycling lifetime, vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) have attracted great attention in the large-scale energy storage field. However, graphite felts (GFs), widely used as electrode materials, usually possess an inferior catalytic activity for the redox reaction of vanadium ions, largely limiting the energy efficiency and rate performance of VRFBs. Here, an in situ growth of amorphous MnO 2 on graphite felt (AMO@GF) was designed for application in VRFBs via mild and rapid etching engineering (5 min). After the etching process, the graphite felt fibers showed a porous and defective surface, contributing to abundant active sites toward the redox reaction. In addition, formed amorphous MnO 2 can also serve as a powerful catalyst to facilitate the redox couples of VO 2+ /VO 2 + based on density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations. As a result, the VRFB using AMO@GF displayed an elevated energy efficiency and superior stability after 2400 cycles at 200 mA cm –2, and the maximum current density can reach 300 mA cm –2 . Such a high-efficiency and convenient design strategy for the electrode material will drive the further development and industrial application of VRFBs and other flow battery systems.