A Wearable Respiration Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Chronic Kidney Disease

Human respiration is accompanied with abundant physiological and pathological information, such as the change in ammonia (NH3) content, which is related to chronic kidney disease (CKD); hence, monitoring the breathing behavior helps in health assessment and illness prediction. In this work, a wearable respiration sensor based on CeO2@polyaniline (CeO2@PANI) nanocomposites that underwent a hydrogen plasma treatment is developed. The results unambiguously show that the response of the corresponding nanocomposites is significantly enhanced from 165 to 670% to 100 ppm NH3 compared to the counterpart that did not undergo hydrogen plasma treatment and even reaches 24% to 50 ppb NH3, suggesting its fascinating capability of detecting the trace level of NH3 in human breathing. The superior response for NH3 is ascribed to the stable oxygen vacancies produced by the hydrogen plasma treatment. Furthermore, the clinical tests for patients with uremia suggest that the as-designed sensor has potential applications in clinical monitoring for CKD. Herein, this work offers a new strategy to obtain respiration sensors with high performance and provides a feasible approach for health evaluation and disease monitoring of patients with CKD.