Soft Materials, Stretchable Mechanics, and Optimized Designs for Body-Wearable Compliant Antennas

Among the various methods to develop flexible wearable antennas, a serpentine, mesh structure has been a great interest because of its mechanical reliability upon applied strain. However, there is still a significant lack of design guidelines for the open-mesh concept that account for both material and electromagnetic (EM) properties of antennas. In this work, we introduce a comprehensive study of materials, mechanics, fabrication, and system integration for the development of stretchable dipole and patch antennas that have networks of two-dimensional serpentine patterns. A set of computational modeling and experimental validation of open-mesh structures provides the key design guidelines to offer the maximum mechanical stretchability and minimum effective moduli of wearable antennas. Integration of the thin-film antenna traces with various substrates captures the versatility of the deterministic fabrication and material transfer printing methods. The influence of antenna stretching on the EM properties, including return loss, electric and magnetic fields, and far-field radiation patterns, is investigated. EM characterization with mechanical stretching results in different properties of fabricated antennas. The simulation study of specific absorption rates shows a potential for safe applications of dipole and patch stretchable antennas on the human skin.