Multifunctional Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/Low-Density Polyethylene Soft Robots with Programmable Configuration for Amphibious Motions

MXene/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bilayer actuator by spraying an aqueous dispersion of MXenes onto a plasma-activated LDPE film, followed by optimal thermal regulations. Because of the eminent light absorption and photothermal/electrothermal features of MXenes and the extremely mismatched thermal expansion coefficients between the two layers, the MXene/LDPE actuator can be sensitively driven by many stimuli of near-infrared light, electricity, and heat. The initial configuration of the bilayer actuator can be programmed by tuning the thermal regulation temperature, thereby assembling multiple actuation units to achieve biomimetic functions, such as artificial iris, mechanical arms, and flying birds. More importantly, in virtue of free shape cutting and programmable configuration, the MXene/LDPE bilayer actuator can perform untethered locomotion including crawling, rolling, and sailing. The soft robots can not only move on the ground in different forms but also sail on water along any designated routes and complete the surface cargo transportation driven by a near-infrared laser via the photothermal Marangoni effect. The shape-programmable methodology for the three amphibious motion modes lays foundations for wide applications of the MXene-based soft robots.