Superlubricity between Graphite Layers in Ultrahigh Vacuum

Graphite has been conventionally believed to exhibit an inferior lubricating performance with significantly larger friction coefficient and wear rate in a vacuum environment than in ambient air. Dangling bonds at the edge planes of graphite, accounting for the high friction in inert atmosphere are saturated by chemisorbed vapor molecules in air, which contributes to low surface adhesion and low friction. However, there is still a lack of direct experimental evidence whether basal planes of graphite excluding the negative effects of edges or dangling bonds shows intrinsic lubricity when sliding under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. By the interlayer friction measurement enabled by graphite flake-wrapped atomic force microscope tips in UHV, we show a record-low friction coefficient of 4 × 10 –5 (slope of friction vs normal force curve) when sliding between graphite layers, which is much lower than that in ambient air. This discrepancy manifests the intrinsic sliding frictional behavior between the graphite basal planes when the tribo-materials and experimental conditions are well-designed and strictly controlled. In addition, the temperature dependence of the kinetic friction between the graphite layers has been investigated under UHV conditions over the temperature range of 125–448 K, which is consistent with the thermally activated process.