Iodine Uptake by Zr-/Hf-Based UiO-66 Materials: The Influence of Metal Substitution on Iodine Evolution

Many works reported the encapsulation of iodine in metal–organic frameworks as well as the I 2 → I 3 – chemical conversion. This transformation has been examined by adsorbing gaseous iodine on a series of UiO-66 materials and the different Hf/Zr metal ratios (0–100% Hf) were evaluated during the evolution of I 2 into I 3 – . The influence of the hafnium content on the UiO-66 structure was highlighted by PXRD, SEM images, and gas sorption tests. The UiO-66(Hf) presented smaller lattice parameter ( a = 20.7232 Å), higher crystallite size (0.18 ≤ Φ ≤ 3.33 μm), and smaller SSA BET (818 m 2 ·g –1 ) when compared to its parent UiO-66(Zr) ─ a = 20.7696 Å, 100 ≤ Φ ≤ 250 nm, and SSA BET = 1262 m 2 ·g –1 . The effect of replacing Zr atoms by Hf in the physical properties of the UiO-66 was deeply evaluated by a spectroscopic study using UV–vis, FTIR, and Raman characterizations. In this case, the Hf presence reduced the band gap of the UiO-66, from 4.07 eV in UiO-66(Zr) to 3.98 eV in UiO-66(Hf). Furthermore, the UiO-66(Hf) showed a blue shift for several FTIR and Raman bands, indicating a stiffening on the implied interatomic bonds when comparing to UiO-66(Zr) spectra. Hafnium was found to clearly favor the capture of iodine [285 g·mol –1, against 230 g·mol –1 for UiO-66(Zr)] and the kinetic evolution of I 2 into I 3 – after 16 h of I 2 filtration. Three iodine species were typically identified by Raman spectroscopy and chemometric analysis. These species are as follows: “free” I 2 (206 cm –1 ), “perturbed” I 2 (173 cm –1 ), and I 3 – (115 and 141 cm –1 ). It was also verified, by FTIR spectroscopy, that the oxo and hydroxyl groups of the inorganic [M 6 O 4 (OH) 4 ] (M = Zr, Hf) cluster were perturbed after the adsorption of I 2 into UiO-66(Hf), which was ascribed to the higher acid character of Hf. Finally, with that in mind and considering that the EPR results discard the possibility of a redox phenomenon involving the tetravalent cations (Hf 4+ or Zr 4+ ), a mechanism was proposed for the conversion of I 2 into I 3 – in UiO-66─based on an electron donor–acceptor complex between the aromatic ring of the BDC linker and the I 2 molecule.