Versatile Strategy To Generate a Rhodamine Triplet State as Mitochondria-Targeting Visible-Light Photosensitizers for Efficient Photodynamic Therapy

Through the use of a rhodamine-appended chelate, bpy-Rho, a versatile strategy has been demonstrated to readily form mitochondria-targeting photosensitizers via the incorporation of a variety of luminescent transition-metal systems, M-Rho, such as Re(I), Ir(III), Pt(II), and Rh(III). The emission from the rhodamine singlet excited state and the transition-metal triplet excited state is partially quenched by the depopulation of them into the dark rhodamine triplet excited state. The generation of the triplet excited state of a rhodamine moiety endows the complexes with mitochondria-targeting photosensitizing ability to form singlet oxygen (¹O₂) for use as a photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent upon visible-light irradiation. The combination of the rhodamine organic dye and luminescent transition-metal centers in such hybrid systems exhibits the synergistic merits for the biological applications, including low dark cytotoxicity, selective tumor cell uptake, high molar absorptivity suitable for low-energy excitation in the visible region, and high photostability. The corresponding in vitro photocytotoxicity and in vivo photo-antitumor efficacy have also been studied to demonstrate the potential PDT application of M-Rho.