Calix[4,6,8]arenesulfonates Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide with High Supramolecular Recognition Capability: Fabrication and Application for Enhanced Host–Guest Electrochemical Recognition

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified with three kinds of water-soluble p-sulfonated calix[4,6,8]arene sodium (SCn: SC4, SC6, SC8) were successfully prepared by using a simple wet chemical strategy. Three obtained SCn-rGO nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, static contact angle measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which confirmed that different amount of SCn molecules had been effectively loaded onto the surface of rGO, and the water-dispersity and stability of SCn-rGO increased with the increase of the value of n in SCn (n = 4, 6, 8). More significantly, cyclic voltammetry measurement showed that the SCn-rGO could exhibit high supramolecular recognition and enrichment capability and consequently displayed excellent electrochemical response toward four probe molecules (biological and organic dye molecules). Especially, SC8-rGO exhibited an excellent electrochemical performance for dopamine with high current densities of 73.04 mA mM(-1) L cm(-2), broad linear range (1 × 10(-8) to 2.1 × 10(-5) M) and very low detection limit (8 × 10(-9) M) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.