Photonically Cured Solution-Processed SnO₂ Thin Films for High-Efficiency and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells and Minimodules

High-throughput fabrication of metal oxide thin films is always a bottleneck for solution-processed perovskite solar cells. Here, we report a rapid photonic curing process, with a well-controlled train of short light pulses, to develop bilayer (colloidal and blocking layer) SnO 2 thin films used as electron transport layers in perovskite ((FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Cs 0.05 PbI 2.5 Br 0.5, 1.62 eV band gap) photovoltaic devices (n–i–p architecture) with an optimized efficiency of 21.1% alongside good ambient and operational (MPPT) stability. The strong dependency of the photonic curing pulse parameters on device properties is investigated, and we established a corroboration between the chemical properties of the as-cured SnO 2 and the optoelectronic performance of the devices and the interface quality. Furthermore, we show that the futile removal of the chloride species in photonically cured SnO 2 is an added advantage against the thermally annealed ones regarding charge transport and lower interfacial recombination. Furthermore, the process is impeccably scaled up to demonstrate a series-connected minimodule (16 cm 2 ) with 18.2% efficiency.