Impact of Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Module Design on Hot-Spot Temperature

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials, as promising candidates for high-efficiency silicon-based tandem solar cells, have passed reliability testing at 85 °C for 1,000 h. However, silicon photovoltaic modules experience elevated temperatures under fault operating conditions. We propose and simulate tandem modules using two- and four-terminal tandem cells and show potential detrimental temperatures under realistic shading conditions. A module using series-connected two-terminal cells reaches 207 °C compared to 137 °C for four-terminal cells from simulation. The cell temperature can be reduced with interdigitated-back-contact cells, additional bypass diodes, or silicon half-cell configurations.