Chemical state of chlorine in perovskite solar cell and its effect on the photovoltaic performance
Source abstract
Abstract
Inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells have become of interest due to their high solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency and low fabrication costs. Recently, it is reported that chlorine doping is an effective means of improving the conversion efficiency and stability of these cells. However, the role played by chlorine and the chemical state of chlorine in the MAPbI3−xClx perovskite is still the subject of much debate. In the present work, we fabricate Cl-containing perovskite films by spin coating a mixed solution of CH3NH3Cl and CH3NH3I on PbI2 films in air. The chemical state of Cl in these films is investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that the Cl is present in different chemical states depending on the concentration of CH3NH3Cl used in the original synthesis. XPS depth profile results demonstrate that Cl is present throughout the samples rather than solely at the perovskite/TiO2 interface as has been reported previously. However, the Cl located at the interface is more stable during thermal treatment of the films. Photovoltaic characterization reveals that strong relationship between the chemical state of chlorine and photovoltaic performance exists.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Perovskite Materials and Applications · Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films · Quantum Dots Synthesis And Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (32)
Show source-provided references
1. Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasakaet T (2009) Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J Am Chem Soc 131:6050–605110.1021/ja809598r ↗
2. Kim HS, Lee CR, Im JH, Lee KB, Moehl T, Marchioro A, Moon SJ, Humphry Baker R, Yum J-H, Moser JE, Grätzel M, Park NJ (2012) Lead iodide perovskite sensitized all-solid-state submicron thin film mesoscopic solar cell with efficiency exceeding 9%. Sci Rep 2:591–59810.1038/srep00591 ↗
3. Lee MM, Teuscher J, Miyasaka T, Murakami TN, Snaith HJ (2012) Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites. Science 338:643–64710.1126/science.1228604 ↗
4. Ahn N, Son DY, Jang IH, Kang SM, Choi M, Park NG (2015) Highly reproducible perovskite solar cells with average efficiency of 18.3% and best efficiency of 19.7% fabricated via Lewis base adduct of lead (II) iodide. J Am Chem Soc 137:8696–869910.1021/jacs.5b04930 ↗
5. Yang WS, Park BW, Jung EH, Jeon NJ, Kim YC, Lee DU, Shin SS, Seo J, Kim EK, Noh JH, Seok SI (2017) Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells. Science 356:1376–137910.1126/science.aan2301 ↗
6. NREL best research-cell efficiencies. http://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/images/efficiency-chart.png (2017). Accessed 28 May 2018
7. Correa-Baena JP, Abate A, Saliba M, Tress W, Jacobsson TJ, Grätzel M, Hagfeldt A (2017) The rapid evolution of highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ Sci 10:710–72710.1039/C6EE03397K ↗
8. Im JH, Jang IH, Pellet N, Grätzel M, Park NG (2014) Growth of CH3NH3PbI3 cuboids with controlled size for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. Nat Nanotechnol 9:927–93210.1038/nnano.2014.181 ↗
9. Chang J, Lin Z, Zhu H, Isikgor FH, Xu QH, Zhang C, Hao Y, Ouyang J (2016) Enhancing the photovoltaic performance of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by doping the perovskite layer with alkali metal ions. J Mater Chem A 4:16546–1655210.1039/C6TA06851K ↗
10. Marchioro A, Teuscher J, Friedrich D, Kunst M, Krol R, Moehl T, Grätzel M, Moser JE (2014) Unravelling the mechanism of photoinduced charge transfer processes in lead iodide perovskite solar cells. Nat Photon 8:250–25510.1038/nphoton.2013.374 ↗
11. Li Y, Sun W, Yan W, Ye S, Peng H, Liu Z, Bian Z, Huang C (2015) High-performance planar solar cells based on CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskites with determined chlorine mole fraction. Adv Funct Mater 25:4867–487310.1002/adfm.201501289 ↗
12. Xu Y, Zhu L, Shi J, Lv S, Xu X, Xiao J, Dong J, Wu H, Luo Y, Li D, Meng Q (2015) Efficient hybrid mesoscopic solar cells with morphology-controlled CH3NH3PbI3−xClx derived from two-step spin coating method. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:2242–224810.1021/am5057807 ↗
13. Unger EL, Bowring AR, Tassone CJ, Pool VL, Gold-Parker A, Cheacharoen R, Stone KH, Hoke ET, Toney MF, McGehee MD (2014) Chloride in lead chloride-derived organo-metal halides for perovskite-absorber solar cells. Chem Mater 26:7158–716510.1021/cm503828b ↗
14. Liu M, Johnston MB, Snaith HJ (2013) Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition. Nature 501:395–39810.1038/nature12509 ↗
15. Qing J, Chandran HT, Cheng YH, Liu XK, Li HW, Tsang SW, Lo MF, Lee CS (2015) Chlorine incorporation for enhanced performance of planar perovskite solar cell based on lead acetate precursor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:23110–2311610.1021/acsami.5b06819 ↗
16. Docampo P, Hanusch FC, Stranks SD, Döblinger M, Feckl JM, Ehrensperger M, Minar NK, Johnston MB, Snaith HJ, Bein T (2014) Solution deposition-conversion for planar heterojunction mixed halide perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater 4:1400355–140036110.1002/aenm.201400355 ↗
17. Colella S, Mosconi E, Fedeli P, Listorti A, Gazza F, Orlandi F, Ferro P, Besagni T, Rizzo A, Calestani G, Gigli G, Angelis FD, Mosca R (2013) MAPbI3 − xClx mixed halide perovskite for hybrid solar cells: the role of chloride as dopant on the transport and structural properties. Chem Mater 25:4613–461810.1021/cm402919x ↗
18. Park BW, Philippe B, Gustafsson T, Sveinbjörnsson K, Hagfeldt A, Johansson EMJ, Boschloo G (2014) Enhanced crystallinity in organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites on mesoporous TiO2 via disorder–order phase transition. Chem Mater 26:4466–447110.1021/cm501541p ↗
19. Zhao Y, Zhu K (2014) CH3NH3Cl-assisted one-step solution growth of CH3NH3PbI3: structure, charge-carrier dynamics, and photovoltaic properties of perovskite solar cells. J Phys Chem C 118:9412–941810.1021/jp502696w ↗
20. Song TB, Chen Q, Zhou H, Luo S, Yang YM, You J, Yang Y (2015) Unraveling film transformations and device performance of planar perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy 12:494–50010.1016/j.nanoen.2015.01.025 ↗
21. Jiang F, Yang D, Jiang Y, Liu T, Zhao X, Ming Y (2018) Chlorine-incorporation-induced formation of the layered phase for antimony-based lead-free perovskite solar cells. J Am Chem Soc 140:1019–102710.1021/jacs.7b10739 ↗
22. Saffari M, Mohebpour MA, Rahimpour Soleimani H, Tagani MB (2017) DFT analysis and FDTD simulation of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx mixed halide perovskite solar cells: role of halide mixing and light trapping technique. J Phys D Appl Phys 50:415501–41550910.1088/1361-6463/aa83c8 ↗
23. Fan L, Ding Y, Luo J, Shi B, Wei C, Zhang D, Wang G, Sheng Y, Chen Y (2017) Elucidating the role of chlorine in perovskite solar cells. J Mater Chem A 5:7423–743210.1039/C7TA00973A ↗
24. Williams AE, Holliman PJ, Carnie MJ, Davies ML, Worsley DA, Watson TM (2014) Perovskite processing for photovoltaics: a spectro-thermal evaluation. J Mater Chem A 2:19338–1934610.1039/C4TA04725G ↗
25. Dar MI, Arora N, Gao P, Ahmad S, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK (2014) Investigation regarding the role of chloride in organic–inorganic halide perovskites obtained from chloride containing precursors. Nano Lett 14:6991–699610.1021/nl503279x ↗
26. Colella S, Mosconi E, Pellegrino G, Alberti A, Guerra VLP, Masi S, Listorti A, Rizzo A, Condorelli GG, Angelis FD, Gigli G (2014) Elusive presence of chloride in mixed halide perovskite solar cells. J Phys Chem Lett 5:3532–353810.1021/jz501869f ↗
27. Mosconi E, Ronca E, Angelis FD (2014) First-principles investigation of the TiO2/organohalide perovskites interface: the role of interfacial chlorine. J Phys Chem Lett 5:2619–262510.1021/jz501127k ↗
28. Chen Q, Zhou H, Fang Y, Stieg AZ, Song TB, Wang HH, Xu X, Liu Y, Lu S, You J, Sun P, McKay J, Goorsky MS, Yang Y (2015) The optoelectronic role of chlorine in CH3NH3PbI3 (Cl)-based perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun 6:7269–727810.1038/ncomms8269 ↗
29. Liu Z, Hu J, Jiao H, Li L, Zheng G, Chen Y, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Shen C, Chen Q, Zhou H (2017) Chemical reduction of intrinsic defects in thicker heterojunction planar perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater 29:1606774–160678210.1002/adma.201606774 ↗
30. Jeon NJ, Noh JH, Yang WS, Kim YC, Ryu S, Seo J, Seok SI (2015) Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells. Nature 517:476–48010.1038/nature14133 ↗
31. Yang WS, Noh JH, Jeon NJ, Kim YC, Ryu S, Seo J, Seok SI (2015) High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange. Science 348:1234–123710.1126/science.aaa9272 ↗
32. Sanchez RS, Gonzalez-Pedro V, Lee JW, Park NG, Kang YS, Mora-Sero I, Bisquert J (2014) Slow dynamic process in lead halide perovskite solar cells. Characteristic times and hysteresis. J Phys Chem Lett 5:2357–236310.1021/jz5011187 ↗