2D layered perovskites: stability, tunability, and their role in next-generation solar energy conversion

1. Howlader AH, Uddin A (2025) Progress and challenges of three-dimensional/two-dimensional bilayered perovskite solar cells: a critical review. Nanomaterials 15:87610.3390/nano15120876 ↗

2. Chen P, Bai Y, Wang S, Lyu M, Yun J-H, Wang L (2018) In situ growth of 2D perovskite capping layer for stable and efficient perovskite solar cells. Adv Funct Mater 28:1706923. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20170692310.1002/adfm.201706923 ↗

3. Huang X, Bi W, Jia P, Tang Y, Lou Z, Hu Y, Cui Q, Hou Y, Teng F (2019) Enhanced efficiency and light stability of planar perovskite solar cells by diethylammonium bromide induced large-grain 2D/3D hybrid film. Org Electron 67:101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2019.01.01610.1016/j.orgel.2019.01.016 ↗

4. Koh TM, Shanmugam V, Guo X, Lim SS, Filonik O, Herzig EM, Müller-Buschbaum P, Swamy V, Chien ST, Mhaisalkar SG, Mathews N (2018) Enhancing moisture tolerance in efficient hybrid 3D/2D perovskite photovoltaics. J Mater Chem A 6:2122. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA09657G10.1039/C7TA09657G ↗

5. Chen J, Seo J-Y, Park N-G (2018) Simultaneous improvement of photovoltaic performance and stability by in situ formation of 2D perovskite at (FAPbI3)0.88(CsPbBr3)0.12/CuSCN interface. Adv Energy Mater 8:1702714. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20170271410.1002/aenm.201702714 ↗

6. Wang Y, Lin J, He Y, Zhang Y, Liang Q, Liu F, Zhou Z, Chan CCS, Li G, Feng S-P, Ng AMC, Wong KS, Popović J, Djurišić AB (2022) Improvement in the performance of inverted 3D/2D perovskite solar cells by ambient exposure. Solar RRL 6:2200224. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.20220022410.1002/solr.202200224 ↗

7. Huang X, Bi W, Jia P, Cui Q, Hu Y, Lou Z, Hou Y, Teng F (2020) Grain growth of MAPbI3 via diethylammonium bromide induced grain mergence. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12:16707. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c0167210.1021/acsami.0c01672 ↗

8. Dehghanipour M, Behjat A, Amrollahi Bioki H (2021) Fabrication of stable and efficient 2D/3D perovskite solar cells through post-treatment with TBABF4. J Mater Chem C 9:957. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC05010E10.1039/D0TC05010E ↗

9. Ma C, Leng C, Ji Y, Wei X, Sun K, Tang L, Yang J, Luo W, Li C, Deng Y, Feng S, Shen J, Lu S, Du C, Shi H (2016) 2D/3D perovskite hybrids as moisture-tolerant and efficient light absorbers for solar cells. Nanoscale 8:18309. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR04741F10.1039/C6NR04741F ↗

10. Cho Y, Soufiani AM, Yun JS, Kim J, Lee DS, Seidel J, Deng X, Green MA, Huang S, Ho-Baillie AWY (2018) Mixed 3D–2D passivation treatment for mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite solar cells for higher efficiency and better stability. Adv Energy Mater 8:1703392. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20170339210.1002/aenm.201703392 ↗

11. Lv Y, Song X, Yin Y, Feng Y, Ma H, Hao C, Jin S, Shi Y (2020) Hexylammonium iodide derived two-dimensional perovskite as interfacial passivation layer in efficient two-dimensional/three-dimensional perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12:698. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b1793010.1021/acsami.9b17930 ↗

12. Zhou T, Li Q, Zhou L (2024) Fluorinated quasi 2D perovskite solar cells with improved stability and over 19% efficiency. Adv Energy Mater 14:2400050. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20240005010.1002/aenm.202400050 ↗

13. Qin Z, Pols M, Qin M, Zhang J, Yan H, Tao S, Lu X (2023) Over-18%-efficiency quasi-2D ruddlesden-popper Pb–Sn mixed perovskite solar cells by compositional engineering. ACS Energy Lett 8:3188. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c0085310.1021/acsenergylett.3c00853 ↗

14. Chandra Sekhar M, Purusottam Reddy B, Kuchi C, Kamal Basha C, Al-Zahrani FAM, Mangiri R (2024) Enhanced solar-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production, dye degradation, and supercapacitor functionality using MoS2–TiO2 nanocomposite. Ceram Int 50:38679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.23910.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.239 ↗

15. Ramakrishnan S, Chen B, Zhang X, Xie Y, Tong X, Xu Y, Alphenaar AN, Ruthen A, Babatunde AJ, Zhang Y, Cotlet M, Mitzi DB, Yu Q (2025) Phase-stabilized 2D/3D hetero-bilayers via lattice matching for efficient and stable inverted solar cells. Joule 9:101954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2025.10195410.1016/j.joule.2025.101954 ↗

16. Chandra Mouli KVV, Mani D, Ramachandran T, Anil Kumar Y, Ghosh A, Somu P, Mangiri R (2026) A new era in energy storage: in situ and operando characterization of 2D materials-based devices. Mater Chem Phys 348:131660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.13166010.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.131660 ↗

17. Yadav V, Pal S, Uma S (2025) Dion-Jacobson (n = 2) layered perovskites (A′SmTa2O7; A′ = Rb, Cs) as potential ferroelectric materials. J Phys Chem C 129:5666. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c0818110.1021/acs.jpcc.4c08181 ↗

18. Pal S, Nagarajan R, Uma S (2023) Second harmonic generation in the polar A′SmNb2O7 (A′ = Rb, Cs) Dion-Jacobson layered perovskites. Chem Mater 35:1249. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c0328010.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03280 ↗

19. Pal S, Uma S (2025) Structural distortions leading to potential polar materials in n $$=$$3 and 4 Dion–Jacobson-layered perovskite series. J Chem Sci 137:31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-025-02363-010.1007/s12039-025-02363-0 ↗

20. Morita S, Urushihara D, Nishibashi K, Kobayashi M, Yamamoto E, Asaka T, Nakajima H, Mori S, Osada M (2024) Atomic layer engineering of ferroelectricity in Dion-Jacobson perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 146:25221. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c0921410.1021/jacs.4c09214 ↗

21. Mohamed AH, Mera A, Rehman Zu, Saddiqa A, Awais M (2025) Investigation of energy storage in 2D Dion-Jacobson type materials using promised DFT + U approach. J Energy Storage 119:116341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.11634110.1016/j.est.2025.116341 ↗

22. Kumar YA, Kalla RMN, Al-Sehemi AG, Ravindran E, Mangiri R (2025) Emerging group-VA 2D materials: antimonene and bismuthene for nanoelectronics and energy storage. J Alloy Compd 1044:184331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.18433110.1016/j.jallcom.2025.184331 ↗

23. B PR, Ravindran E, Rosaiah P, Karim MR, Suh Y, Park S-H, Mangiri R (2025) Hierarchical copper indium sulfide and MXene composites: synergistic effects for enhanced lithium-ion battery performance and photocatalytic hydrogen production. Ceram Int 51:51723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.08.28510.1016/j.ceramint.2025.08.285 ↗

24. Hermann AT, Wiley JB (2009) Thermal stability of Dion-Jacobson mixed-metal-niobate double-layered perovskites. Mater Res Bull 44:1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2008.10.01910.1016/j.materresbull.2008.10.019 ↗

25. Sun K, Meng Y, Cao R, Ren Y, Mao Y, Tian R, Wang Y, Lü X, Liu C, Ge Z (2024) Effect of the rigidity of an organic interlayer on the nonradiative recombination and exciton dissociation in hybrid Dion-Jacobson 2D lead iodide perovskites. J Mater Chem A 12:5215. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA07838H10.1039/D3TA07838H ↗

26. Metcalf I, Sidhik S, Zhang H, Agrawal A, Persaud J, Hou J, Even J, Mohite AD (2023) Synergy of 3D and 2D perovskites for durable, efficient solar cells and beyond. Chem Rev 123:9565. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c0021410.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00214 ↗

27. Gong J, Hao M, Zhang Y, Liu M, Zhou Y (2022) Layered 2D halide perovskites beyond the Ruddlesden-Popper phase: tailored interlayer chemistries for high-performance solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 61:e202112022. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20211202210.1002/anie.202112022 ↗

28. Mohanty PP, Ahuja R, Chakraborty S (2022) Progress and challenges in layered two-dimensional hybrid perovskites. Nanotechnology 33:292501. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac652910.1088/1361-6528/ac6529 ↗

29. Zhao X, Liu T, Loo Y-L (2022) Advancing 2D perovskites for efficient and stable solar cells: challenges and opportunities. Adv Mater 34:2105849. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20210584910.1002/adma.202105849 ↗

30. Sidhik S, Wang Y, De Siena M, Asadpour R, Torma AJ, Terlier T, Ho K, Li W, Puthirath AB, Shuai X, Agrawal A, Traore B, Jones M, Giridharagopal R, Ajayan PM, Strzalka J, Ginger DS, Katan C, Alam MA, Even J, Kanatzidis MG, Mohite AD (2022) Deterministic fabrication of 3D/2D perovskite bilayer stacks for durable and efficient solar cells. Science 377:1425. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abq765210.1126/science.abq7652 ↗

31. Yılmaz B, Odabaşı Ç, Yıldırım R (2022) Efficiency and stability analysis of 2D/3D perovskite solar cells using machine learning. Energy Technol 10:2100948. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.20210094810.1002/ente.202100948 ↗

32. Gu H, Xia J, Liang C, Chen Y, Huang W, Xing G (2023) Phase-pure two-dimensional layered perovskite thin films. Nat Rev Mater 8:533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00560-210.1038/s41578-023-00560-2 ↗

33. Yang AJ, Wang S-X, Xu J, Loh XJ, Zhu Q, Wang XR (2023) Two-dimensional layered materials meet perovskite oxides: a combination for high-performance electronic devices. ACS Nano 17:9748. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c0042910.1021/acsnano.3c00429 ↗

34. Li X, Aftab S, Hussain S, Kabir F, Henaish AMA, Al-Sehemi AG, Pallavolu MR, Koyyada G (2024) Dimensional diversity (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) in perovskite solar cells: exploring the potential of mixed-dimensional integrations. J Mater Chem A 12:4421. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA06953B10.1039/D3TA06953B ↗

35. Mahmud MA, Duong T, Peng J, Wu Y, Shen H, Walter D, Nguyen HT, Mozaffari N, Tabi GD, Catchpole KR, Weber KJ, White TP (2022) Origin of efficiency and stability enhancement in high-performing mixed dimensional 2D–3D perovskite solar cells: a review. Adv Funct Mater 32:2009164. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20200916410.1002/adfm.202009164 ↗

36. Chowdhury TA, Bin Zafar MA, Sajjad-Ul Islam M, Shahinuzzaman M, Islam MA, Khandaker MU (2023) Stability of perovskite solar cells: issues and prospects. RSC Adv 13:1787. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA05903G10.1039/D2RA05903G ↗

37. Samani MHK, Sidhik S, Mandani F, Torma AJ, Hou J, Bajgiran SR, Persaud J, Mohite AD, Marciel AB (2025) Solution properties of 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites. ACS Mater Lett 7:2828. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.5c0078310.1021/acsmaterialslett.5c00783 ↗

38. Lédée F, Ciavatti A, Verdi M, Basiricò L, Fraboni B (2022) Ultra-stable and robust response to X-rays in 2D layered perovskite micro-crystalline films directly deposited on flexible substrate. Adv Opt Mater 10:2101145. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.20210114510.1002/adom.202101145 ↗

39. Ghosh J, Parveen S, Sellin PJ, Giri PK (2023) Recent advances and opportunities in low-dimensional layered perovskites for emergent applications beyond photovoltaics. Adv Mater Technol 8:2300400. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.20230040010.1002/admt.202300400 ↗

40. Majeed SM, Mohammed MKA, Ahmed DS (2022) Efficient and hysteresis-free mixed-dimensional 2D/3D perovskite solar cells using ethyl lactate as a green additive to perovskite precursor solutions. J Mater Chem C 10:16480. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TC03313E10.1039/D2TC03313E ↗

41. Joung S-Y, Yim H, Lee D, Shim J, Yoo SY, Kim YH, Kim JS, Kim H, Hyeong S-K, Kim J, Noh Y-Y, Bae S, Park MJ, Choi J-W, Lee C-H (2024) All-solution-processed high-performance MoS2 thin-film transistors with a quasi-2D perovskite oxide dielectric. ACS Nano 18:1958. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c0697210.1021/acsnano.3c06972 ↗

42. Song O, Kang J (2023) Solution-processed 2D materials for electronic applications. ACS Appl Electron Mater 5:1335. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.2c0178410.1021/acsaelm.2c01784 ↗

43. Nazir G, Lee S-Y, Lee J-H, Rehman A, Lee J-K, Seok SI, Park S-J (2022) Stabilization of perovskite solar cells: recent developments and future perspectives. Adv Mater 34:2204380. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20220438010.1002/adma.202204380 ↗

44. Teale S, Degani M, Chen B, Sargent EH, Grancini G (2024) Molecular cation and low-dimensional perovskite surface passivation in perovskite solar cells. Nat Energy 9:779. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01529-310.1038/s41560-024-01529-3 ↗

45. Yang X, Zhu Y, Yan S, Hu H, Chen C, Tang J (2025) Blade-coating perovskites for tandem devices: liquid mechanism, film formation, and performance. Solar RRL 9:2500149. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.20250014910.1002/solr.202500149 ↗

46. Zhang X, Baral P, Chakraborty N, Garden K, Shen L, Vijayaraghavan SN, Cao Z, Yan F, Gong X, Whittaker-Brooks L, Wang H (2023) Blade coating inverted perovskite solar cells with vacuum-assisted nucleation based on bottom quasi-2D passivation. Solar RRL 7:2200900. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.20220090010.1002/solr.202200900 ↗

47. Guo H, Yuan L, Dong Y, Fan K, Lam M, Duan C, Zou S, Wong KS, Yan K (2025) Blade-coating with engineered evaporation kinetics enables scalable perovskite photovoltaics with minimal efficiency loss. Small Methods 9:2500141. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.20250014110.1002/smtd.202500141 ↗

48. Yang J, Lim EL, Tan L, Wei Z (2022) Ink engineering in blade-coating large-area perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater 12:2200975. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20220097510.1002/aenm.202200975 ↗

49. Li H, Liu M, Li M, Park H, Mathews N, Qi Y, Zhang X, Bolink HJ, Leo K, Graetzel M, Yi C (2022) Applications of vacuum vapor deposition for perovskite solar cells: a progress review. iEnergy 1:434. https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2022.005310.23919/IEN.2022.0053 ↗

50. Jiang Y, He S, Qiu L, Zhao Y, Qi Y (2022) Perovskite solar cells by vapor deposition based and assisted methods. Appl Phys Rev 10(1063/5):0085221

51. Shimono R, Nishikubo R, Pylnev M, Ishiwari F, Wakamiya A, Saeki A (2023) Bar coating process of two-dimensional lead iodide perovskite solar cells: effects of vertical orientation, anisotropic photoconductivity, and conversion time. ACS Appl Energy Mater 6:9381. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c0132910.1021/acsaem.3c01329 ↗

52. Subbiah AS, Mannar S, Hnapovskyi V, Pininti AR, Vishal B, Torres Merino LV, Matiash O, Karalis O, Hempel H, Prasetio A, Yildirim B, Dally P, Rosas Villalva D, Babics M, Xu L, Razzaq A, Azmi R, Xu F, Bristow HL, Ugur E, Ur Rehman A, Pasanen H, Aydin E, Allen T, Baran D, Unold T, Laquai F, De Wolf S (2025) Efficient blade-coated perovskite/silicon tandems via interface engineering. Joule. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.09.01410.1016/j.joule.2024.09.014 ↗

53. Chatterjee S, Sen A, Sen P (2023) Green synthesis of 3D cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals and 2D Ruddlesden-Popper nanoplatelets in menthol-based deep eutectic solvents. Mater Chem Front 7:753. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2QM01188C10.1039/D2QM01188C ↗

54. Hou J, Li W, Zhang H, Sidhik S, Fletcher J, Metcalf I, Anantharaman SB, Shuai X, Mishra A, Blancon J-C, Katan C, Jariwala D, Even J, Kanatzidis MG, Mohite AD (2024) Synthesis of 2D perovskite crystals via progressive transformation of quantum well thickness. Nat Synth 3:265. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44160-023-00422-310.1038/s44160-023-00422-3 ↗

55. Singh M, Singh AK, Pani B (2025) Layered nanomaterials for solution-processed optoelectronics. CRC Press10.1201/9781003509509 ↗

56. Kansal L, Joshi A, Mishra R, Malhotra A, Prasanna JL, Sharma P (2024) Sustainable Synthesis of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Green Materials. E3S Web of Conferences, Ekaterinburg, Russia10.1051/e3sconf/202453707016 ↗

57. Nambiraj B, Kunka Ravindran A, Muthu SP, Perumalsamy R (2025) Cost-effective synthesis method: toxic solvent-free approach for stable mixed cation perovskite powders in photovoltaic applications. Small Methods 9:2400768. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.20240076810.1002/smtd.202400768 ↗

58. Occhiuzzi J, Politano GG, D’Olimpio G, Politano A (2023) The quest for green solvents for the sustainable production of nanosheets of two-dimensional (2D) materials, a key issue in the roadmap for the ecology transition in the flatland. Molecules 28:148410.3390/molecules28031484 ↗

59. Dongre S S, R S, Balakrishna RG (2024) Perovskite oxynitrides and oxysulfides toward photocatalytic green hydrogen production: scalability prospects. Towards Sustainable and Green Hydrogen Production by Photocatalysis: Scalability Opportunities and Challenges (Volume 1)American Chemical Society,10.1021/bk-2024-1467.ch004 ↗

60. Sun K, Müller-Buschbaum P (2023) Shedding light on the moisture stability of halide perovskite thin films. Energy Technol 11:2201475. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.20220147510.1002/ente.202201475 ↗

61. Kore BP, Jamshidi M, Gardner JM (2024) The impact of moisture on the stability and degradation of perovskites in solar cells. Mater Adv 5:2200. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MA00828B10.1039/D3MA00828B ↗

62. Azmi R, Zhumagali S, Bristow H, Zhang S, Yazmaciyan A, Pininti AR, Utomo DS, Subbiah AS, De Wolf S (2024) Moisture-resilient perovskite solar cells for enhanced stability. Adv Mater 36:e2211317. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20221131710.1002/adma.202211317 ↗

63. Grancini G, Roldán-Carmona C, Zimmermann I, Mosconi E, Lee X, Martineau D, Narbey S, Oswald F, De Angelis F, Graetzel M, Nazeeruddin MK (2017) One-year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering. Nat Commun 8:15684. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1568410.1038/ncomms15684 ↗

64. Azmi R, Ugur E, Seitkhan A, Aljamaan F, Subbiah AS, Liu J, Harrison GT, Nugraha MI, Eswaran MK, Babics M, Chen Y, Xu F, Allen TG, Rehman AU, Wang CL, Anthopoulos TD, Schwingenschlögl U, De Bastiani M, Aydin E, De Wolf S (2022) Damp heat-stable perovskite solar cells with tailored-dimensionality 2D/3D heterojunctions. Science 376:73. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm578410.1126/science.abm5784 ↗

65. Alidaei M, Ahmadi V, Mousavi SM, Roghabadi FA (2022) Stability improvement of perovskite solar cell using photoswitchable and moisture resistant dual-function interfacial layer. J Alloy Compd 903:163891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16389110.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163891 ↗

66. Mangiri R, Ramachandran T, Kumar YA, Ghosh A, Al-Sehemi AG, Yadav AK, Mani D (2025) Surface engineering of M5X4 MXenes for next-gen energy solutions. Mater Today Chem 48:102864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2025.10286410.1016/j.mtchem.2025.102864 ↗

67. Zhou J, Gao Y, Pan Y, Ren F, Chen R, Meng X, Sun D, He J, Liu Z, Chen W (2022) Recent advances in the combined elevated temperature, humidity, and light stability of perovskite solar cells. Solar RRL 6:2200772. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.20220077210.1002/solr.202200772 ↗

68. Leung TL, Ahmad I, Syed AA, Ng AMC, Popović J, Djurišić AB (2022) Stability of 2D and quasi-2D perovskite materials and devices. Commun Mater 3:63. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-022-00285-910.1038/s43246-022-00285-9 ↗

69. Mathew P, Cho J, Kamat PV (2024) Ramifications of ion migration in 2D lead halide perovskites. ACS Energy Lett 9:1103. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c0009310.1021/acsenergylett.4c00093 ↗

70. Liu P, Li X, Cai T, Xing W, Yang N, Arandiyan H, Shao Z, Wang S, Liu S (2024) Molecular structure tailoring of organic spacers for high-performance Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Lett 17:35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01500-710.1007/s40820-024-01500-7 ↗

71. Yadav AN, Min S, Choe H, Park J, Cho J (2024) Halide ion mixing across colloidal 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites: implication of spacer ligand on mixing kinetics. Small 20:2305546. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20230554610.1002/smll.202305546 ↗

72. Tong H, Li F-F, Du M, Song H, Han B, Jia G, Xu X-Q, Zou X, Ji L, Kai J-J, Hu Z, Hsu H-Y (2025) Interface engineering, charge carrier dynamics, and solar-driven applications of halide perovskite/2D material heterostructured photocatalysts. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 17:23431. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c2097210.1021/acsami.4c20972 ↗

73. Yuan C, Zhang Z, Tang S, Gou Y, Zhao P, Li H, Yu H (2025) Cooperation of dual organic spacers and A site cations for high-performance quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite solar cells. ChemPlusChem 90:e202500169. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.20250016910.1002/cplu.202500169 ↗

74. Lai J, Shi K, Qiu B, Liang J, Liu H, Zhang W, Yu G (2024) Spacer engineering enables fine-tuned thin film microstructure and efficient charge transport for ultrasensitive 2D perovskite-based heterojunction phototransistors and optoelectronic synapses. Small 20:2310002. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20231000210.1002/smll.202310002 ↗

75. Zhang F, Zhu K (2020) Additive engineering for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater 10:1902579. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20190257910.1002/aenm.201902579 ↗

76. Azam M, Ke Z, Luo J, Wan Z, Hassan A, Jia C (2024) Additive engineering enabled non-radiative defect passivation with improved moisture-resistance in efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Chem Eng J 483:149424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.14942410.1016/j.cej.2024.149424 ↗

77. Wu G, Liang R, Ge M, Sun G, Zhang Y, Xing G (2022) Surface passivation using 2D perovskites toward efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater 34:e2105635. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20210563510.1002/adma.202105635 ↗

78. Yin Y, Zhou Y, Rafailovich MH, Nam CY (2023) Recent advances of two-dimensional material additives in hybrid perovskite solar cells. Nanotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/acb44110.1088/1361-6528/acb441 ↗

79. Zhou N, Zhou H (2022) Spacer organic cation engineering for quasi-2D metal halide perovskites and the optoelectronic application. Small Struct 3:2100232. https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.20210023210.1002/sstr.202100232 ↗

80. Gao Y, Dong X, Liu Y (2023) Recent progress of layered perovskite solar cells incorporating aromatic spacers. Nano-Micro Lett 15:169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01141-210.1007/s40820-023-01141-2 ↗

81. Meng X, Liu X, Zhou Q, Liu Z, Chen W (2024) Additive and interface passivation dual synergetic strategy enables reduced voltage loss in wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy 128:109984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.10998410.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109984 ↗

82. Hassan Kareem S, Harjan Elewi M, Muhson Naji A, Ahmed DS, K. A. Mohammed M (2022) Efficient and stable pure α-phase FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells with a dual engineering strategy: additive and dimensional engineering approaches. Chem Eng J 443:136469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.13646910.1016/j.cej.2022.136469 ↗

83. Chakraborty R, Nag A (2021) Dielectric confinement for designing compositions and optoelectronic properties of 2D layered hybrid perovskites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 23:82. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CP04682E10.1039/D0CP04682E ↗

84. Katan C, Mercier N, Even J (2019) Quantum and dielectric confinement effects in lower-dimensional hybrid perovskite semiconductors. Chem Rev 119:3140. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b0041710.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00417 ↗

85. Castelli IE, Pandey M, Thygesen KS, Jacobsen KW (2015) Band-gap engineering of functional perovskites through quantum confinement and tunneling. Phys Rev B 91:165309. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.16530910.1103/PhysRevB.91.165309 ↗

86. Li H, Wang X, Zhang T, Gong X, Sun Q, Pan H, Shen Y, Ahmad S, Wang M (2019) Layered ruddlesden-popper efficient perovskite solar cells with controlled quantum and dielectric confinement introduced via doping. Adv Funct Mater 29:1903293. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20190329310.1002/adfm.201903293 ↗

87. Chen B, Yu R, Xing G, Wang Y, Wang W, Chen Y, Xu X, Zhao Q (2024) Dielectric engineering of 2D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. ACS Energy Lett 9:226. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c0206910.1021/acsenergylett.3c02069 ↗

88. Traore B, Pedesseau L, Assam L, Che X, Blancon J-C, Tsai H, Nie W, Stoumpos CC, Kanatzidis MG, Tretiak S, Mohite AD, Even J, Kepenekian M, Katan C (2018) Composite nature of layered hybrid perovskites: assessment on quantum and dielectric confinements and band alignment. ACS Nano 12:3321. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b0820210.1021/acsnano.7b08202 ↗

89. Roy P, Ghosh A, Barclay F, Khare A, Cuce E (2022) Perovskite solar cells: a review of the recent advances. Coatings 12:108910.3390/coatings12081089 ↗

90. Febriansyah B, Lekina Y, Ghosh B, Harikesh PC, Koh TM, Li Y, Shen Z, Mathews N, England J (2020) Molecular engineering of pure 2D lead-iodide perovskite solar absorbers displaying reduced band gaps and dielectric confinement. Chemsuschem 13:2693. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.20200002810.1002/cssc.202000028 ↗

91. Zheng K, Pullerits T (2019) Two dimensions are better for perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 10:5881. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b0156810.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01568 ↗

92. Sapori D, Kepenekian M, Pedesseau L, Katan C, Even J (2016) Quantum confinement and dielectric profiles of colloidal nanoplatelets of halide inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites. Nanoscale 8:6369. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR07175E10.1039/C5NR07175E ↗

93. Wu T, Qin Z, Wang Y, Wu Y, Chen W, Zhang S, Cai M, Dai S, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhou Z, Liu X, Segawa H, Tan H, Tang Q, Fang J, Li Y, Ding L, Ning Z, Qi Y, Zhang Y, Han L (2021) The main progress of perovskite solar cells in 2020–2021. Nano-Micro Lett 13:152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00672-w10.1007/s40820-021-00672-w ↗

94. Wang Z, Wei Q, Liu X, Liu L, Tang X, Guo J, Ren S, Xing G, Zhao D, Zheng Y (2021) Spacer cation tuning enables vertically oriented and graded quasi-2D perovskites for efficient solar cells. Adv Funct Mater 31:2008404. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20200840410.1002/adfm.202008404 ↗

95. El-Ballouli AaO, Bakr OM, Mohammed OF (2020) Structurally tunable two-dimensional layered perovskites: from confinement and enhanced charge transport to prolonged hot carrier cooling dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 11:5705. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c0035910.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00359 ↗

96. Zhou N, Huang B, Sun M, Zhang Y, Li L, Lun Y, Wang X, Hong J, Chen Q, Zhou H (2020) The spacer cations interplay for efficient and stable layered 2D perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater 10:1901566. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20190156610.1002/aenm.201901566 ↗

97. Tailor NK, Yukta RR, Ranjan S, Sharma T, Singh A, Garg A, Nalwa KS, Gupta RK, Satapathi S (2021) The effect of dimensionality on the charge carrier mobility of halide perovskites. J Mater Chem A 9:21551. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA03749H10.1039/D1TA03749H ↗

98. Li X, Hoffman JM, Kanatzidis MG (2021) The 2D halide perovskite rulebook: how the spacer influences everything from the structure to optoelectronic device efficiency. Chem Rev 121:2230. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c0100610.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01006 ↗

99. Han B, Qiu Q, Tang Y, Lian B, Liu B, Ding S, Ma S, Luo M, Wang W, Xu B, Hsu H-Y (2025) Manipulating interlayer carrier relaxation dynamics in type-II heterostructures of 2D hybrid perovskites through organic spacer engineering. Adv Funct Mater 35:2417167. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20241716710.1002/adfm.202417167 ↗

100. Wu G, Yang T, Li X, Ahmad N, Zhang X, Yue S, Zhou J, Li Y, Wang H, Shi X, Liu S, Zhao K, Zhou H, Zhang Y (2021) Molecular engineering for two-dimensional perovskites with photovoltaic efficiency exceeding 18%. Matter 4:582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2020.11.01110.1016/j.matt.2020.11.011 ↗