journal article·2021-07

A review of main characterization methods for identifying two-dimensional organic–inorganic halide perovskites

Shouwu Yu, Peirong Liu, Shujuan Xiao

Journal of Materials Science· Volume 56· Issue 20
Publisher page

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskite has attracted widespread attention because of their structural diversity and adjustable material properties. Their material properties are closely related to structural features, especially the inorganic layers (n) in each structural unit of 2D halide perovskite. The optical properties of 2D perovskite that vary with n can be used to manufacture various optoelectronic devices. This review introduces the basic structure and properties of 2D halide perovskite and then summarizes various experimental methods that can be used to directly or indirectly identify the n value, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), photoluminescence spectra (PL), ultraviolet–visible spectra (UV–vis), atomic force microscopy (AFM), second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy or third harmonic generation (THG) spectroscopy, etc. Moreover, the existence of different n-value phases in 2D halide perovskites has been discussed in terms of the energy transfer characteristics. Finally, we summarize advantages and disadvantages of characterization methods and some issues that still need to be explored in the 2D halide perovskite itself.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Perovskite Materials and Applications · 2D Materials and Applications · Conducting polymers and applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T (2009) Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J Am Chem Soc 131(17):6050–6051. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809598r10.1021/ja809598r ↗
2. Chung I, Lee B, He J, Chang RPH, Kanatzidis MG (2012) All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency. Nature 485(7399):486–489. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1106710.1038/nature11067 ↗
3. Lee MM, Teuscher J, Miyasaka T, Murakami TN, Snaith HJ (2012) Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites. Science 338(6107):643–647. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.122860410.1126/science.1228604 ↗
4. Kim HS, Lee CR, Im JH, Lee KB, Moehl T, Marchioro A, Moon SJ, Humphry-Baker R, Yum JH, Moser JE, Gratzel M, Park NG (2012) Lead iodide perovskite sensitized all-solid-state submicron thin film mesoscopic solar cell with efficiency exceeding 9%. Sci Rep 2(591):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep0059110.1038/srep00591 ↗
5. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Best ResearchCell Efficiencies Chart, https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html, Accessed 2021–01.
6. Jeon NJ, Noh JH, Yang WS, Kim YC, Ryu S, Seo J, Seok SI (2015) Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells. Nature 517(7535):476–480. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1413310.1038/nature14133 ↗
7. Wang Y, Dar MI, Ono LK, Zhang T, Kan M, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Yang Y, Gao X (2019) Thermodynamically stabilized β-CsPbI3–based perovskite solar cells with efficiencies > 18%. Science 365(6453):591–595. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav868010.1126/science.aav8680 ↗
8. Brinkmann K, Zhao J, Pourdavoud N, Becker T, Hu T, Olthof S, Meerholz K, Hoffmann L, Gahlmann T, Heiderhoff R (2017) Suppressed decomposition of organometal halide perovskites by impermeable electron-extraction layers in inverted solar cells. Nat Commun 8(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1393810.1038/ncomms13938 ↗
9. Koushik D, Verhees WJH, Kuang Y, Veenstra S, Zhang D, Verheijen MA, Creatore M, Schropp REI (2017) High-efficiency humidity-stable planar perovskite solar cells based on atomic layer architecture. Energy Environ Sci 10(1):91–100. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ee02687g10.1039/c6ee02687g ↗
10. Qiu L, He S, Ono LK, Qi Y (2020) Progress of surface science studies on ABX3-based metal halide perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater 10(13):1902726. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20190272610.1002/aenm.201902726 ↗
11. Dong Q, Liu F, Wong MK, Tam HW, Djurišić AB, Ng A, Surya C, Chan WK, Ng AMC (2016) Encapsulation of perovskite solar cells for high humidity conditions. Chemsuschem 9(18):2597–2603. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.20160109110.1002/cssc.201601091 ↗
12. Stoumpos CC, Cao DH, Clark DJ, Young J, Rondinelli JM, Jang JI, Hupp JT, Kanatzidis MG (2016) Ruddlesden–popper hybrid lead iodide perovskite 2D homologous semiconductors. Chem Mater 28(8):2852–2867. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b0084710.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00847 ↗
13. Mao L, Ke W, Pedesseau L, Wu Y, Katan C, Even J, Wasielewski MR, Stoumpos CC, Kanatzidis MG (2018) Hybrid dion-jacobson 2D lead iodide perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 140(10):3775–3783. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b0054210.1021/jacs.8b00542 ↗
14. Ke W, Mao L, Stoumpos CC, Hoffman J, Spanopoulos I, Mohite AD, Kanatzidis MG (2019) Compositional and solvent engineering in dion-jacobson 2D perovskites boosts solar cell efficiency and stability. Adv Energy Mater 9(10):1803384. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20180338410.1002/aenm.201803384 ↗
15. Zhang Y, Wang P, Tang M-C, Barrit D, Ke W, Liu J, Luo T, Liu Y, Niu T, Smilgies D-M (2019) Dynamical transformation of two-dimensional perovskites with alternating cations in the interlayer space for high-performance photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 141(6):2684–2694. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b1310410.1021/jacs.8b13104 ↗
16. Luo T, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Niu T, Wen J, Lu J, Jin S, Liu SF, Zhao K (2019) Compositional control in 2D perovskites with alternating cations in the interlayer space for photovoltaics with efficiency over 18%. Adv Mater 31(44):e1903848. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20190384810.1002/adma.201903848 ↗
17. Lu D, Lv G, Xu Z, Dong Y, Ji X, Liu Y (2020) Thiophene-based two-dimensional dion-jacobson perovskite solar cells with over 15% efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 142(25):11114–11122. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c0336310.1021/jacs.0c03363 ↗
18. Xu Z, Lu D, Liu F, Lai H, Wan X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen Y (2020) Phase distribution and carrier dynamics in multiple-ring aromatic spacer-based two-dimensional ruddlesden-popper perovskite solar cells. ACS Nano 14(4):4871–4881. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c0087510.1021/acsnano.0c00875 ↗
19. Chang J, Zhang S, Wang N, Sun Y, Wei Y, Li R, Yi C, Wang J, Huang W (2018) Enhanced performance of red perovskite light-emitting diodes through the dimensional tailoring of perovskite multiple quantum wells. J Phys Chem Lett 9(4):881–886. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b0341710.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03417 ↗
20. Chondroudis K, Mitzi DB (1999) Electroluminescence from an organic−inorganic perovskite incorporating a quaterthiophene dye within lead halide perovskite layers. Chem Mater 11(11):3028–3030. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm990561t10.1021/cm990561t ↗
21. Lee S, Kim DB, Hamilton I, Daboczi M, Nam YS, Lee BR, Zhao B, Jang CH, Friend RH, Kim JS, Song MH (2018) Control of interface defects for efficient and stable quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes using nickel oxide hole injection layer. Adv Sci 5(11):1801350. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.20180135010.1002/advs.201801350 ↗
22. Yang X, Zhang X, Deng J, Chu Z, Jiang Q, Meng J, Wang P, Zhang L, Yin Z, You J (2018) Efficient green light-emitting diodes based on quasi-two-dimensional composition and phase engineered perovskite with surface passivation. Nat Commun 9(1):570. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02978-710.1038/s41467-018-02978-7 ↗
23. Li Z, Chen Z, Yang Y, Xue Q, Yip HL, Cao Y (2019) Modulation of recombination zone position for quasi-two-dimensional blue perovskite light-emitting diodes with efficiency exceeding 5%. Nat Commun 10(1):1027. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09011-510.1038/s41467-019-09011-5 ↗
24. Liu Y, Cui J, Du K, Tian H, He Z, Zhou Q, Yang Z, Deng Y, Chen D, Zuo X, Ren Y, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhao B, Di D, Wang J, Friend RH, Jin Y (2019) Efficient blue light-emitting diodes based on quantum-confined bromide perovskite nanostructures. Nat Photonics 13(11):760–764. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0505-410.1038/s41566-019-0505-4 ↗
25. Shang Y, Liao Y, Wei Q, Wang Z, Xiang B, Ke Y, Liu W, Ning Z (2019) Highly stable hybrid perovskite light-emitting diodes based on dion-jacobson structure. Sci Adv 5(8):eaaw8072. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw807210.1126/sciadv.aaw8072 ↗
26. Dohner ER, Jaffe A, Bradshaw LR, Karunadasa HI (2014) Intrinsic white-light emission from layered hybrid perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 136(38):13154–13157. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja507086b10.1021/ja507086b ↗
27. Kagan C, Mitzi D, Dimitrakopoulos C (1999) Organic-inorganic hybrid materials as semiconducting channels in thin-film field-effect transistors. Science 286(5441):945–947. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5441.94510.1126/science.286.5441.945 ↗
28. Zhu L, Zhang H, Lu Q, Wang Y, Deng Z, Hu Y, Lou Z, Cui Q, Hou Y, Teng F (2018) Synthesis of ultrathin two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite nanosheets for polymer field-effect transistors. J Mater Chem C 6(15):3945–3950. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC00289D10.1039/C8TC00289D ↗
29. Jaeho C, Han JS, Hong K, Young KS, Won JH (2018) Organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskites for memories, transistors, and artificial synapses. Adv Mater 30(42):1704002. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20170400210.1002/adma.201704002 ↗
30. Tan Z, Wu Y, Hong H, Yin J, Zhang J, Lin L, Wang M, Sun X, Sun L, Huang Y, Liu K, Liu Z, Peng H (2016) Two-dimensional (C4H9NH3)2PbBr4 perovskite crystals for high-performance photodetector. J Am Chem Soc 138(51):16612–16615. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b1168310.1021/jacs.6b11683 ↗
31. Li P, Shivananju BN, Zhang Y, Li S, Bao Q (2017) High performance photodetector based on 2D ch3nh3pbi3 perovskite nanosheets. J Phys D: Appl Phys 50(9):094002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa562310.1088/1361-6463/aa5623 ↗
32. Wang K, Wu C, Yang D, Jiang Y, Priya S (2018) Quasi-two-dimensional halide perovskite single crystal photodetector. ACS Nano 12(5):4919–4929. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b0199910.1021/acsnano.8b01999 ↗
33. Li L, Jin L, Zhou Y, Li J, Ma J, Wang S, Li W, Li D (2019) Filterless polarization-sensitive 2D perovskite narrowband photodetectors. Adv Optical Mater 7(23):1900988. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.20190098810.1002/adom.201900988 ↗
34. Qin C, Sandanayaka ASD, Zhao C, Matsushima T, Zhang D, Fujihara T, Adachi C (2020) Stable room-temperature continuous-wave lasing in quasi-2D perovskite films. Nature 585(7823):53–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2621-110.1038/s41586-020-2621-1 ↗
35. Zhang X, Wu G, Yang S, Fu W, Zhang Z, Chen C, Liu W, Yan J, Yang W, Chen H (2017) Vertically oriented 2D layered perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency and good stability. Small 13(33):1700611. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20170061110.1002/smll.201700611 ↗
36. Zhang Q, Su R, Liu X, Xing J, Sum TC, Xiong Q (2016) High-quality whispering-gallery-mode lasing from cesium lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets. Adv Funct Mater 26(34):6238–6245. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20160169010.1002/adfm.201601690 ↗
37. Zhang Q, Ha ST, Liu X, Sum TC, Xiong Q (2014) Room-temperature near-infrared high-Q perovskite whispering-gallery planar nanolasers. Nano Lett 14(10):5995–6001. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl503057g10.1021/nl503057g ↗
38. Zhang H, Liao Q, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Gao Q, Liu P, Li M, Yao J, Fu H (2018) 2D ruddlesden-popper perovskites microring laser array. Adv Mater 30(15):e1706186. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20170618610.1002/adma.201706186 ↗
39. Chen P, Bai Y, Lyu M, Yun JH, Hao M, Wang L (2018) Progress and perspective in low-dimensional metal halide perovskites for optoelectronic applications. Solar Rrl 2(3):1700186. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.20170018610.1002/solr.201700186 ↗
40. Dolzhenko YI, Inabe T, Maruyama Y (1986) In situ x-ray observation on the intercalation of weak interaction molecules into perovskite-type layered crystals (C9H19NH3)2PbI4 and (C10H21NH3)2CdCl4. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 59(2):563–567. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.59.56310.1246/bcsj.59.563 ↗
41. Ishihara T, Takahashi J, Goto T (1989) Exciton state in two-dimensional perovskite semiconductor (C10H21NH3)2PbI4. Solid State Commun 69(9):933–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(89)90935-610.1016/0038-1098(89)90935-6 ↗
42. Hong X, Ishihara T, Nurmikko A (1992) Dielectric confinement effect on excitons in PbI4-based layered semiconductors. Phys Rev B 45(12):6961. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.45.696110.1103/PhysRevB.45.6961 ↗
43. Smith IC, Hoke ET, Solis-Ibarra D, McGehee MD, Karunadasa HI (2014) A layered hybrid perovskite solar-cell absorber with enhanced moisture stability. Angew Chem Int Ed 53(42):11232–1123510.1002/anie.201406466 ↗
44. Correabaena J, Saliba M, Buonassisi T, Gratzel M, Abate A, Tress W, Hagfeldt A (2017) Promises and challenges of perovskite solar cells. Science 358(6364):739–744. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam632310.1126/science.aam6323 ↗
45. Sutton RJ, Eperon GE, Miranda L, Parrott ES, Kamino BA, Patel JB, Hörantner MT, Johnston MB, Haghighirad AA, Moore DT, Snaith HJ (2016) Bandgap-tunable cesium lead halide perovskites with high thermal stability for efficient solar cells. Adv Energy Mater 6(8):1502458. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20150245810.1002/aenm.201502458 ↗
46. Liu J, Xue Y, Wang Z, Xu Z-Q, Zheng C, Weber B, Song J, Wang Y, Lu Y, Zhang Y (2016) Two-dimensional CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite: Synthesis and optoelectronic application. ACS Nano 10(3):3536–3542. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b0779110.1021/acsnano.5b07791 ↗
47. Mitzi DB (2001) Templating and structural engineering in organic–inorganic perovskites. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 1:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1039/B007070J10.1039/B007070J ↗
48. Soe CMM, Stoumpos CC, Kepenekian M, Traoré B, Tsai H, Nie W, Wang B, Katan C, Seshadri R, Mohite AD (2017) New type of 2D perovskites with alternating cations in the interlayer space, (C(NH2)3)(CH3NH3)nPbnI3n+1: Structure, properties, and photovoltaic performance. J Am Chem Soc 139(45):16297–16309. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b0909610.1021/jacs.7b09096 ↗
49. Nazarenko O, Kotyrba MR, Worle M, Cuervo-Reyes E, Yakunin S, Kovalenko MV (2017) Luminescent and photoconductive layered lead halide perovskite compounds comprising mixtures of cesium and guanidinium cations. Inorg Chem 56(19):11552–11564. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b0120410.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01204 ↗
50. Ruddlesden S, Popper P (1957) New compounds of the K2NiF4 type. Acta Cryst 10(8):538–539. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X5700192910.1107/S0365110X57001929 ↗
51. Ruddlesden S, Popper P (1958) The compound Sr3Ti2O7 and its structure. Acta Cryst 11(1):54–55. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X5800012810.1107/S0365110X58000128 ↗
52. Dion M, Ganne M, Tournoux M (1981) Nouvelles familles de phases MIMII2Nb3O10 a feuillets “perovskites.” Mat Res Bull 16(11):1429–1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(81)90063-510.1016/0025-5408(81)90063-5 ↗
53. Jacobson A, Johnson JW, Lewandowski J (1985) Interlayer chemistry between thick transition-metal oxide layers: Synthesis and intercalation reactions of K[Ca2Nan-3NbnO3n+1]. Inorg Chem 24(23):3727–3729. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00217a00610.1021/ic00217a006 ↗
54. Aurivillius B (1949) Mixed bismuth oxides with layer lattices I. The structure type of CaNb2Bi2O9. Arkiv kemi 1:463–480
55. Ma C, Shen D, Ng TW, Lo MF, Lee CS (2018) 2D perovskites with short interlayer distance for high-performance solar cell application. Adv Mater 30(22):1800710. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20180071010.1002/adma.201800710 ↗
56. Cohen BE, Li Y, Meng Q, Etgar L (2019) Dion-jacobson two-dimensional perovskite solar cells based on benzene dimethanammonium cation. Nano Lett 19(4):2588–2597. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b0038710.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00387 ↗
57. Li Y, Milic JV, Ummadisingu A, Seo JY, Im JH, Kim HS, Liu Y, Dar MI, Zakeeruddin SM, Wang P, Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M (2019) Bifunctional organic spacers for formamidinium-based hybrid dion-jacobson two-dimensional perovskite solar cells. Nano Lett 19(1):150–157. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b0355210.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03552 ↗
58. Yu S, Yan Y, Abdellah M, Pullerits T, Zheng K, Liang Z (2019) Nonconfinement structure revealed in dion-jacobson type quasi-2D perovskite expedites interlayer charge transport. Small 15(49):1905081. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20190508110.1002/smll.201905081 ↗
59. Cho J, Choi Y-H, O’Loughlin TE, De Jesus L, Banerjee S (2016) Ligand-mediated modulation of layer thicknesses of perovskite methylammonium lead bromide nanoplatelets. Chem Mater 28(19):6909–6916. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b0224110.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02241 ↗
60. Zhang T, Dar MI, Li G, Xu F, Guo N, Grätzel M, Zhao Y (2017) Bication lead iodide 2D perovskite component to stabilize inorganic α-CsPbI3 perovskite phase for high-efficiency solar cells. Sci Adv 3(9):e1700841. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.170084110.1126/sciadv.1700841 ↗
61. Quan LN, Yuan M, Comin R, Voznyy O, Beauregard EM, Hoogland S, Buin A, Kirmani AR, Zhao K, Amassian A, Kim DH, Sargent EH (2016) Ligand-stabilized reduced-dimensionality perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 138(8):2649–2655. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b1174010.1021/jacs.5b11740 ↗
62. Calabrese J, Jones NL, Harlow RL, Herron N, Thorn DL, Wang Y (1991) Preparation and characterization of layered lead halide compounds. J Am Chem Soc 113(6):2328–2330. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00006a07610.1021/ja00006a076 ↗
63. Mitzi DB, Feild CA, Harrison WTA, Guloy AM (1994) Conducting tin halides with a layered organic-based perovskite structure. Nature 369(6480):467–469. https://doi.org/10.1038/369467a010.1038/369467a0 ↗
64. Chen Y, Sun Y, Peng J, Zhang W, Su X, Zheng K, Pullerits T, Liang Z (2017) Tailoring organic cation of 2D air-stable organometal halide perovskites for highly efficient planar solar cells. Adv Energy Mater 7(18):1700162. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20170016210.1002/aenm.201700162 ↗
65. Koh TM, Shanmugam V, Schlipf J, Oesinghaus L, Müller-Buschbaum P, Ramakrishnan N, Swamy V, Mathews N, Boix PP, Mhaisalkar SG (2016) Nanostructuring mixed-dimensional perovskites: A route toward tunable, efficient photovoltaics. Adv Mater 28(19):3653–3661. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20150614110.1002/adma.201506141 ↗
66. Chen J, Seo JY, Park NG (2018) Simultaneous improvement of photovoltaic performance and stability by in situ formation of 2D perovskite at (FAPbI3)0.88(CsPbBr 3)0.12/CuSCN interface. Adv Energy Mater 8(12):1702714. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20170271410.1002/aenm.201702714 ↗
67. Grancini G, Roldán-Carmona C, Zimmermann I, Mosconi E, Lee X, Martineau D, Narbey S, Oswald F, De Angelis F, Graetzel M (2017) One-year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering. Nat commun 8:15684. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1568410.1038/ncomms15684 ↗
68. Ma C, Leng C, Ji Y, Wei X, Sun K, Tang L, Yang J, Luo W, Li C, Deng Y (2016) 2D/3D perovskite hybrids as moisture-tolerant and efficient light absorbers for solar cells. Nanoscale 8(43):18309–18314. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR04741F10.1039/C6NR04741F ↗
69. Yao K, Wang X, Xu Y-x, Li F (2015) A general fabrication procedure for efficient and stable planar perovskite solar cells: Morphological and interfacial control by in-situ-generated layered perovskite. Nano Energy 18:165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.10.01010.1016/j.nanoen.2015.10.010 ↗
70. Zhou Y, Wang F, Cao Y, Wang JP, Fang HH, Loi MA, Zhao N, Wong CP (2017) Benzylamine-treated wide-bandgap perovskite with high thermal-photostability and photovoltaic performance. Adv Energy Mater 7(22):1701048. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20170104810.1002/aenm.201701048 ↗
71. Cohen B-E, Wierzbowska M, Etgar L (2017) High efficiency quasi 2D lead bromide perovskite solar cells using various barrier molecules. Sustain Energ Fuels 1(9):1935–1943. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SE00311K10.1039/C7SE00311K ↗
72. Koh TM, Shanmugam V, Guo X, Lim SS, Filonik O, Herzig EM, Müller-Buschbaum P, Swamy V, Chien ST, Mhaisalkar SG (2018) Enhancing moisture tolerance in efficient hybrid 3D/2D perovskite photovoltaics. J Mater Chem A 6(5):2122–2128. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA09657G10.1039/C7TA09657G ↗
73. Proppe AH, Quintero-Bermudez R, Tan H, Voznyy O, Kelley SO, Sargent EH (2018) Synthetic control over quantum well width distribution and carrier migration in low-dimensional perovskite photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 140(8):2890–2896. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b1255110.1021/jacs.7b12551 ↗
74. Dong Y, Lu D, Xu Z, Lai H, Liu Y (2020) 2-thiopheneformamidinium-based 2D ruddlesden–popper perovskite solar cells with efficiency of 16.72% and negligible hysteresis. Adv Energy Mater 10(28):2000694. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20200069410.1002/aenm.202000694 ↗
75. Jia G, Shi ZJ, Xia YD, Wei Q, Chen YH, Xing GC, Huang W (2018) Super air stable quasi-2D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites for visible light-emitting diodes. Opt Express 26(2):A66–A74. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.000A6610.1364/OE.26.000A66 ↗
76. Sichert JA, Tong Y, Mutz N, Vollmer M, Fischer S, Milowska KZ, García Cortadella R, Nickel B, Cardenas-Daw C, Stolarczyk JK (2015) Quantum size effect in organometal halide perovskite nanoplatelets. Nano Lett 15(10):6521–6527. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b0298510.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02985 ↗
77. Hintermayr VA, Richter AF, Ehrat F, Döblinger M, Vanderlinden W, Sichert JA, Tong Y, Polavarapu L, Feldmann J, Urban AS (2016) Tuning the optical properties of perovskite nanoplatelets through composition and thickness by ligand-assisted exfoliation. Adv Mater 28(43):9478–9485. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20160289710.1002/adma.201602897 ↗
78. Zhao L, Rolston N, Lee KM, Zhao X, Reyes-Martinez MA, Tran NL, Yeh Y-W, Yao N, Scholes GD, Loo Y-L (2018) Influence of bulky organo-ammonium halide additive choice on the flexibility and efficiency of perovskite light-emitting devices. Adv Funct Mater 28(31):1802060. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20180206010.1002/adfm.201802060 ↗
79. La-Placa M-G, Longo G, Babaei A, Martínez-Sarti L, Sessolo M, Bolink HJ (2017) Photoluminescence quantum yield exceeding 80% in low dimensional perovskite thin-films via passivation control. Chem Commun 53(62):8707–8710. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC04149G10.1039/C7CC04149G ↗
80. Soe CMM, Nie W, Stoumpos CC, Tsai H, Blancon JC, Liu F, Even J, Marks TJ, Mohite AD, Kanatzidis MG (2018) Understanding film formation morphology and orientation in high member 2D ruddlesden–popper perovskites for high-efficiency solar cells. Adv Energy Mater 8(1):1700979. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20170097910.1002/aenm.201700979 ↗
81. Soe CMM, Nagabhushana G, Shivaramaiah R, Tsai H, Nie W, Blancon J-C, Melkonyan F, Cao DH, Traoré B, Pedesseau L (2019) Structural and thermodynamic limits of layer thickness in 2D halide perovskites. P Natl Acad Sci 116(1):58–66. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.181100611510.1073/pnas.1811006115 ↗
82. Ice GE, Budai JD, Pang JW (2011) The race to x-ray microbeam and nanobeam science. Science 334(6060):1234–1239. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.120236610.1126/science.1202366 ↗
83. Jiang Y, Yuan J, Ni Y, Yang J, Wang Y, Jiu T, Yuan M, Chen J (2018) Reduced-dimensional α-CsPbX3 perovskites for efficient and stable photovoltaics. Joule 2(7):1356–1368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.00410.1016/j.joule.2018.05.004 ↗
84. Liu Y, Ye H, Zhang Y, Zhao K, Yang Z, Yuan Y, Wu H, Zhao G, Yang Z, Tang J, Xu Z, Liu S (2019) Surface-tension-controlled crystallization for high-quality 2D perovskite single crystals for ultrahigh photodetection. Matter 1(2):465–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.04.00210.1016/j.matt.2019.04.002 ↗
85. Chen X, Lu H, Li Z, Zhai Y, Ndione PF, Berry JJ, Zhu K, Yang Y, Beard MC (2018) Impact of layer thickness on the charge carrier and spin coherence lifetime in two-dimensional layered perovskite single crystals. ACS Energy Lett 3(9):2273–2279. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b0131510.1021/acsenergylett.8b01315 ↗
86. Smilgies DM (2009) Scherrer grain-size analysis adapted to grazing-incidence scattering with area detectors. J Appl Cryst 42(6):1030–1034. https://doi.org/10.1107/S002188980904012610.1107/S0021889809040126 ↗
87. Cao DH, Stoumpos CC, Farha OK, Hupp JT, Kanatzidis MG (2015) 2D homologous perovskites as light-absorbing materials for solar cell applications. J Am Chem Soc 137(24):7843–7850. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b0379610.1021/jacs.5b03796 ↗
88. Tsai H, Nie W, Blancon JC, Stoumpos CC, Asadpour R, Harutyunyan B, Neukirch AJ, Verduzco R, Crochet JJ, Tretiak S, Pedesseau L, Even J, Alam MA, Gupta G, Lou J, Ajayan PM, Bedzyk MJ, Kanatzidis MG (2016) High-efficiency two-dimensional ruddlesden-popper perovskite solar cells. Nature 536(7616):312–316. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature1830610.1038/nature18306 ↗
89. Fang C, Li J, Wang J, Chen R, Wang H, Lan S, Xuan Y, Luo H, Fei P, Li D (2018) Controllable growth of two-dimensional perovskite microstructures. CrystEngComm 20(41):6538–6545. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ce01087k10.1039/c8ce01087k ↗
90. Kumar M, Patel M, Park DY, Kim H-S, Jeong MS, Kim J (2019) Switchable two-terminal transparent optoelectronic devices based on 2D perovskite. Adv Electron Mater 5(2):1800662. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.20180066210.1002/aelm.201800662 ↗
91. Chen P, Bai Y, Wang S, Lyu M, Yun J-H, Wang L (2018) In situ growth of 2D perovskite capping layer for stable and efficient perovskite solar cells. Adv Funct Mater 28(17):1706923. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20170692310.1002/adfm.201706923 ↗
92. Tian H, Zhao L, Wang X, Yeh YW, Yao N, Rand BP, Ren TL (2017) Extremely low operating current resistive memory based on exfoliated 2D perovskite single crystals for neuromorphic computing. ACS Nano 11(12):12247–12256. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b0572610.1021/acsnano.7b05726 ↗
93. Cheng P, Xu Z, Li J, Liu Y, Fan Y, Yu L, Smilgies DM, Muller C, Zhao K, Liu SF (2018) Highly efficient ruddlesden–popper halide perovskite PA2MA4Pb5I16 solar cells. ACS Energy Lett 3(8):1975–1982. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b0115310.1021/acsenergylett.8b01153 ↗
94. Lai H, Kan B, Liu T, Zheng N, Xie Z, Zhou T, Wan X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen Y (2018) Two-dimensional ruddlesden-popper perovskite with nanorod-like morphology for solar cells with efficiency exceeding 15%. J Am Chem Soc 140(37):11639–11646. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b0460410.1021/jacs.8b04604 ↗
95. DeLongchamp DM, Kline RJ, Fischer DA, Richter LJ, Toney MF (2011) Molecular characterization of organic electronic films. Adv Mater 23(3):319–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20100176010.1002/adma.201001760 ↗
96. Rivnay J, Mannsfeld SC, Miller CE, Salleo A, Toney MF (2012) Quantitative determination of organic semiconductor microstructure from the molecular to device scale. Chem Rev 112(10):5488–5519. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300110910.1021/cr3001109 ↗
97. Li H, Lu J, Zhang T, Shen Y, Wang M (2018) Cation-assisted restraint of a wide quantum well and interfacial charge accumulation in two-dimensional perovskites. ACS Energy Lett 3(8):1815–1823. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b0068310.1021/acsenergylett.8b00683 ↗
98. Kumar S, Jagielski J, Yakunin S, Rice P, Chiu Y-C, Wang M, Nedelcu G, Kim Y, Lin S, Santos EJ (2016) Efficient blue electroluminescence using quantum-confined two-dimensional perovskites. ACS Nano 10(10):9720–9729. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b0577510.1021/acsnano.6b05775 ↗
99. Lei L, Seyitliyev D, Stuard S, Mendes J, Dong Q, Fu X, Chen YA, He S, Yi X, Zhu L, Chang CH, Ade H, Gundogdu K, So F (2020) Efficient energy funneling in quasi-2D perovskites: From light emission to lasing. Adv Mater 32(16):1906571. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20190657110.1002/adma.201906571 ↗
100. Zhou N, Shen Y, Li L, Tan S, Liu N, Zheng G, Chen Q, Zhou H (2018) Exploration of crystallization kinetics in quasi two-dimensional perovskite and high performance solar cells. J Am Chem Soc 140(1):459–465. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b1115710.1021/jacs.7b11157 ↗