Modified resin–intermediate processing of perovskite powders: Part I. Optimization of polymeric precursors

The formation of a polyester between citric acid (CA) and ethylene glycol (EG) was found to be a decisive factor for the foaming of resin intermediates in a Pechini-type powder process. This process was modified by changing the organic mass ratio of CA/EG which results in ceramic powders with different morphologies. The most porous resin intermediate (with or without chelated cations) was prepared using a polymeric gel made of equimolar citric acid and ethylene glycol. It was also found that a premixing of organic components, prior to adding constituent nitrate solutions, makes the whole process more controllable.