Characterization of the Stability of Indium Tin Oxide and Functional Layers for Semitransparent Back‐Contact Applications on Cu(in,Ga)Se₂Solar Cells

Herein, a detailed study of the stability of different ITO‐based back‐contact configurations (including bare ITO contacts and contacts functionalized with nanometric Mo, MoSe₂, and MoS₂layers) under the coevaporation processes developed for the synthesis of high‐efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se₂(CIGSe) solar cells is reported. The results show that bare ITO layers can be used as efficient back contacts for coevaporation process temperatures of 480 ºC. However, higher temperatures produce an amorphous In–Se phase at the ITO surface that reduces the contacts transparency in the visible region. This is accompanied by degradation of the solar cells’ efficiency. Inclusion of a Mo functional layer leads to the formation of a MoSe₂interfacial phase during the coevaporation process, which improves the cells’ efficiency, achieving device efficiencies similar to those obtained with reference solar cells fabricated with standard Mo back contacts. Optimization of the initial Mo layer thickness improves the contact transparency, achieving contacts with an optical transparency of 50% in the visible region. This is accompanied by a relevant decrease in back reflectivity in the CIGSe devices, confirming the potential of these contact configurations for the development of semitransparent CIGSe devices with improved optical aesthetic quality without compromising the device performance.