Setting Characteristics, Solubility, Bioactivity and Interaction with Dentin of Four Calcium Silicate-Based Endodontic Sealers
Source abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate setting time, hardness, solubility, bioactivity and interaction with dentin of four calcium silicate-based sealers (CSBS). Three single-phase CSBS (AH Plus Bioceramic/AHB, CeraSeal/CSL, TotalFill BC/TFL), one powder/liquid CSBS (BioRoot RCS/BRT) and an epoxy control (AH Plus Jet/AHP) were investigated. Setting time was evaluated on glass (G1) and dentin (G2) surfaces, by adding 1%wt purified water to single-phase products. For hardness measurements, the Shore-D hardness test was used. Solubility was assessed according to the ISO 6876:2012 standard. For bioactivity screening, 1-week set specimens were immersed in SBF or water (30 days/37 °C) and examined by ATR–FTIR spectroscopy. Interaction with dentin was tested by ATR–FTIR before and after contact with the sealers. For setting time in G1, all CSBS failed to comply with the ISO standard, while in G2, most materials were set in the range of 6–8 h, except for CSL. The ranking of significant differences in hardness was AHP, BRT > CSL, AHB, TFL. Regarding solubility, AHB, BRT and AHP were found to comply with the ISO standard, whereas CSL and TFL failed. For bioactivity, characteristic peaks of calcium phosphates were found in all CSBS, with TFL being the most bioactive. A chemical interaction between CSBS and dentin was registered, with a strong reduction in collagen peaks and an increase in carbonates. The CSBS tested exhibited great variance in their behaviour regarding the properties assessed, although a strong deproteinating effect was registered on dentin for all.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments · Dental materials and restorations · Dental Erosion and Treatment
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon str, 11527 Athens, Greece
Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, 11527 Athens, Greece
References (79)
Show source-provided references
1. Biological and physico-chemical properties of new root canal sealers
2. López-García, S., Pecci-Lloret, M.R., Guerrero-Gironés, J., Pecci-Lloret, M.P., Lozano, A., Llena, C., Rodríguez-Lozano, F.J., and Forner, L. (2019). Comparative cytocompatibility and mineralization potential of Bio-C Sealer and TotalFill BC Sealer. Materials, 12.10.3390/ma12193087 ↗
3. Cytocompatibility, bioactive potential and antimicrobial activity of an experimental calcium silicate-based endodontic sealer10.1111/iej.13086 ↗
4. Chemical composition and bioactivity potential of the new Endosequence BC Sealer formulation Hi Flow10.1111/iej.13327 ↗
5. Physicochemical and biological properties of AH Plus Bioceramic10.1016/j.joen.2022.10.009 ↗
6. Seo, D.G., Lee, D., Kim, Y.M., Song, D., and Kim, S.Y. (2019). Biocompatibility and mineralization activity of three calcium silicate-based root canal sealers compared to conventional resin-based sealer in human dental pulp stem cells. Materials, 12.10.3390/ma12152482 ↗
7. Cytocompatibility and bioactive potential of AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer: An in vitro study10.1111/iej.13805 ↗
8. Moraes, T.G., Menezes, A.S., Grazziotin-Soares, R., Moraes, R.U.M.E., Ferreira, P.V.C., Carvalho, C.N., Bauer, J., and Carvalho, E.M. (2022). Impact of immersion media on physical properties and bioactivity of epoxy resin-based and bioceramic endodontic sealers. Polymers, 14.10.3390/polym14040729 ↗
9. Zamparini, F., Prati, C., Taddei, P., Spinelli, A., Di Foggia, M., and Gandolfi, M.G. (2022). Chemical-physical properties and bioactivity of new premixed calcium silicate-bioceramic root canal sealers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.10.3390/ijms232213914 ↗
10. A comprehensive in vitro comparison of the biological and physicochemical properties of bioactive root canal sealers10.1007/s00784-022-04570-2 ↗
11. Properties of tricalcium silicate sealers10.1016/j.joen.2016.06.002 ↗
12. Physicochemical properties and volumetric change of silicone/bioactive glass and calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers10.1016/j.joen.2017.07.005 ↗
13. Flow characteristics and alkalinity of novel bioceramic root canal sealers10.5395/rde.2020.45.e42 ↗
14. Kharouf, N., Arntz, Y., Eid, A., Zghal, J., Sauro, S., Haikel, Y., and Mancino, D. (2020). Physicochemical and antibacterial properties of novel, premixed calcium silicate-based sealer compared to powder–liquid bioceramic sealer. J. Clin. Med., 9.10.3390/jcm9103096 ↗
15. Sealing ability in vitro study and biocompatibility in vivo animal study of different bioceramic based sealers10.1002/cre2.652 ↗
16. Penetration of three endodontic sealers in simulated lateral canals during the lateral condensation technique: An in vitro study
17. Porosity and sealing ability of root fillings with gutta-percha and BioRoot RCS or AH Plus sealers. Evaluation by three ex vivo methods10.1111/iej.12513 ↗
18. Micro-CT assessment of gap containing areas along the gutta-percha-sealer interface in oval-shaped canals10.1111/iej.13744 ↗
19. The effect of the final irrigant on the antimicrobial activity of root canal sealers10.1016/j.jdent.2016.06.008 ↗
20. The antimicrobial effect of bioceramic sealer on an 8-week matured Enterococcus Faecalis biofilm attached to root canal dentinal surface10.1016/j.joen.2019.04.004 ↗
21. Donnermeyer, D., Schemkämper, P., Bürklein, S., and Schäfer, E. (2022). short and long-term solubility, alkalizing effect, and thermal persistence of premixed calcium silicate-based sealers: AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer vs. Total Fill BC Sealer. Materials, 15.10.3390/ma15207320 ↗
22. Setting properties and cytotoxicity evaluation of a premixed bioceramic root canal sealer10.1016/j.joen.2011.01.003 ↗
23. Material properties of a tricalcium silicate–containing, a mineral trioxide aggregate–containing, and an epoxy resin–based root canal sealer10.1016/j.joen.2016.09.018 ↗
24. Influence of drying protocol on the setting and crystalline phase formation of calcium silicate-based sealers10.1111/aej.70044 ↗
25. Changes in the surface of four calcium silicate-containing endodontic materials and an epoxy resin-based sealer after a solubility test10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01992.x ↗
26. Properties of BioRoot RCS, a tricalcium silicate endodontic sealer modified with povidone and polycarboxylate10.1111/iej.12856 ↗
27. Synthesis of silver-containing calcium aluminate particles and their effects on a MTA-based endodontic sealer10.1016/j.dental.2018.05.011 ↗
28. Characterization of leachates from 6 root canal sealers10.1016/j.joen.2019.01.011 ↗
29. Effect of immersion in distilled water or phosphate buffered saline on the solubility, volumetric change and presence of voids within new calcium silicate-based root canal sealers10.1111/iej.13225 ↗
30. Characterization and assessment of physical properties of 3 single syringe hydraulic cement–based sealers10.1016/j.joen.2024.01.001 ↗
31. Physical properties of 5 root canal sealers10.1016/j.joen.2013.06.012 ↗
32. Influence of variations in the environmental pH on the solubility and water sorption of a calcium silicate-based root canal sealer10.1111/iej.13526 ↗
33. Esterases affect the physical properties of materials used to seal the endodontic space10.1016/j.dental.2019.04.011 ↗
34. Different setting conditions affect surface characteristics and microhardness of calcium silicate-based sealers10.1155/2018/7136345 ↗
35. Setting time and surface microhardness of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and 1% and 5% Fluoride-doped Mineral Trioxide Aggregate mixed with water and gel-like polymer
36. Effect of moisture and pH on setting time and microhardness of three premixed calcium silicate-based root canal sealers: An in vitro experimental study10.5395/rde.2025.50.e41 ↗
37. Bioactivity of a calcium silicate based endodontic cement (BioRoot RCS): Interactions with human periodontal ligament cells in vitro10.1016/j.joen.2015.04.011 ↗
38. In vitro cytotoxicity and mineralization potential of an endodontic bioceramic material10.1055/s-0042-1750778 ↗
39. Push-out bond strength, characterization, and ion release of premixed and powder-liquid bioceramic sealers with or without gutta- percha
40. Bioactivity evaluation of three calcium silicate-based endodontic materials10.1111/iej.12062 ↗
41. Dynamic intratubular biomineralization following root canal obturation with pozzolan-based mineral trioxide aggregate sealer cement10.1002/sca.21240 ↗
42. Interfacial characteristics and cytocompatibility of hydraulic sealer cements10.1016/j.joen.2017.11.011 ↗
43. (2012). Dental Root Canal Sealing Materials (Standard No. ISO 6876).
44. Setting reaction of new bioceramic root canal sealers10.1080/00387010.2018.1485703 ↗
45. Abu Zeid, S.T., Alamoudi, R.A., and Mokeem Saleh, A.A. (2022). Impact of water solubility on chemical composition and surface structure of two generations of bioceramic root canal sealers. Appl. Sci., 12.10.3390/app12020873 ↗
46. Apatite-forming ability (Bioactivity) of ProRoot MTA10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01768.x ↗
47. The Hydration Chemistry of ProRoot MTA10.4012/dmj.2014-309 ↗
48. Sol-Gel synthesis of white mineral trioxide aggregate with potential use as biocement
49. Phase stability of Hydroxyapatite-Zirconia (HAp-ZrO2) composites for bone replacement10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.02.047 ↗
50. Self-setting bone cement formulations based on egg shell derived tetracalcium phosphate bioceramics
51. Cytotoxicity and the effect of temperature on physical properties and chemical composition of a new calcium silicate–based root canal sealer10.1016/j.joen.2019.12.009 ↗
52. In vitro bioactivity of biphasic calcium phosphate silicate glass-ceramic in CaO-SiO2-P2O5 system10.2298/PAC1001015R ↗
53. Okamura, T., Chen, L., Tsumano, N., Ikeda, C., Komasa, S., Tominaga, K., and Hashimoto, Y. (2020). Biocompatibility of a high-plasticity, calcium silicate-based, ready-to-use material. Materials, 13.10.3390/ma13214770 ↗
54. Early hydration and setting of portland cement monitored by IR, SEM and Vicat techniques10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.01.017 ↗
55. Vibrational investigation of calcium-silicate cements for endodontics in simulated body fluids10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.12.058 ↗
56. Maturational changes in dentin mineral properties10.1016/j.bone.2006.12.061 ↗
57. Determining the setting of root canal sealers using an in vivo animal experimental model10.1007/s00784-020-03496-x ↗
58. Physico-chemical properties of calcium silicate-based sealers in powder/liquid and ready-to-use forms10.1590/0103-6440202204832 ↗
59. In vitro physicochemical characterization of five root canal sealers and their influence on an ex vivo oral multi-species biofilm community10.1111/iej.13742 ↗
60. Dentin-cement interfacial interaction: Calcium silicates and polyalkenoates10.1177/0022034512443068 ↗
61. (2025). Dental Root Canal Sealing Materials (Standard No. ISO 6876 (2025-11)).
62. Principles of abrasive wear10.1016/0043-1648(74)90102-1 ↗
63. Al Akam, H., Kim, H.-C., and Jeong, J.W. (2024). Retreatment strategies for cases containing calcium silicate-based root canal sealers: A comprehensive review. Dent. J., 12.10.20944/preprints202401.0194.v1 ↗
64. Microhardness of root canal sealers at different canal thirds: A pilot in vitro study
65. Physicochemical properties and biological interaction of calcium silicate-based sealers—In vivo model10.1007/s00784-025-06150-6 ↗
66. In vitro assessment of the effects of endodontic sealers on cell viability, adhesion, and migration10.1111/aej.70013 ↗
67. Ferreira, I., Fernandes, B., Braga, A.C., Lopes, M.A., and Pina-Vaz, I. (2025). Achieving patency in straight canals obturated with AH Plus Bioceramic sealer: An ex vivo study. Appl. Sci., 15.10.3390/app15115855 ↗
68. Determination of Surface Characteristics, Solubility and Ion Release of a Calcium Silicate Root Canal Sealer10.1111/aej.12950 ↗
69. A comparative analysis of adhesion abilities between AH Plus® Bioceramic, Ceraseal® and AH Plus® on root canal dentine surfaces10.4103/JCDE.JCDE_406_25 ↗
70. Shim, E., Son, J.W., Kwon, J., Kim, H.-J., Jang, J.-H., Chang, S.W., and Oh, S. (2025). Retrieval of AH Plus Bioceramic and Ceraseal versus AH Plus in endodontic retreatment. J. Clin. Med., 14.10.3390/jcm14061826 ↗
71. Comparative analysis between resin-based root canal sealer and recent bioceramic-based root canal sealers using MicroCT, film thickness, and solubility10.1016/j.jobcr.2026.01.004 ↗
72. A mineral trioxide aggregate sealer stimulated mineralization10.1016/j.joen.2008.11.006 ↗
73. The constitution of mineral trioxide aggregate10.1016/j.dental.2004.05.010 ↗
74. Morphological and chemical analysis of surface interaction of irrigant-endosequence root repair material10.1002/jbm.b.34673 ↗
75. Effect of sodium hypochlorite treatment on the molecular composition and morphology of human coronal dentin
76. Long-term calcium hydroxide as a root canal dressing may increase risk of root fracture10.1034/j.1600-9657.2002.00097.x ↗
77. The effect of three commonly used endodontic materials on the strength and hardness of root dentin10.1097/00004770-200212000-00008 ↗
78. Evaluating the solubility of endodontic sealers in response to static and dynamic stress: An in vitro study10.14744/eej.2023.62207 ↗
79. Characterization of the bioactivity and the solubility of a new root canal sealer10.1016/j.identj.2023.04.003 ↗