Solution-processable polymeric solar cells: A review on materials, strategies and cell architectures to overcome 10%

Abstract Organic photovoltaics will become 30 years old relatively soon. In spite of the impressive development achieved throughout these years, especially in terms of reported power conversion efficiencies, there are still important technological and fundamental obstacles to circumvent before they can be implemented into reliable and long-lasting applications. Regarding device processing, the synthesis of highly soluble polymeric semiconductors first, and fullerene derivatives then, was initially considered as an important breakthrough that would definitely change the fabrication of photovoltaics once for all. Nowadays, the promise of printing solar cells by low-cost and high throughput mass production techniques still stands. However, the potential and the expectation raised by this technology is such that it is considerably difficult to keep track of the most significant progresses being now published in different and even monographic journals. There is therefore the need to compile the most remarkable advances in well-documented reviews than can be used as a reference for future ideas and works. In this letter, we review the development of polymeric solar cells from its origin to the most efficient devices published to date. After analyzing their fundamental limits, we separate these achievements into three different categories traditionally followed by the scientific community to push devices over 10% power conversion efficiency: Active materials, strategies -fabrication/processing procedures- that can mainly modify the active film morphology and result in improved efficiencies for the same starting materials, and all the different cell layout/architectures that have been used in order to extract as high photocurrent as possible from the Sun. The synthesis of new donors and acceptors, the use of additives and post-processing techniques, buffer interlayers, inverted and tandem designs are some of the most important aspects that are in detailed reviewed in this letter. All have equally contributed to develop this technology and leave it at doors of commercialization.