journal article·2017-10-16Open access

Ultrasensitive flexible broadband photodetectors achieving pA scale dark current

Xiao Luo, Feiyu Zhao, Lili Du, Wenli Lv, Kun Xu, Yingquan Peng, Ying Wang, Feiping Lu

npj Flexible Electronics· Volume 1· Issue 1

Abstract

Abstract Organolead halide perovskite is a newly emerging low-cost, solution-processable material with a broadband absorption from the ultraviolet (UV) to visible (Vis) region, which has attracted a great deal of interest in high-performance optoelectronic devices. However, some practicable applications need a cover of UV–Vis–NIR region for photoelectric conversion, a task that remains a significant challenge for further extending the absorption toward the near-infrared radiation (NIR) region. Here, to the best of our knowledge, we prove for the first time an ultrasensitive flexible broadband photodetector based on porous organolead perovskite-phthalocyanine heterostructure, which combines the synergetic properties of high UV–Vis absorbance of perovskite with enhanced NIR absorption for triclinic lead phthalocyanine. The photosensitivity of the as-prepared devices reaches up to 104 at a low intensity of 10 mW cm−2, which is among the largest values reported for broadband photodetectors. Significantly, performed at room temperature, the device achieves a pA scale dark current along with an ultrafast response speed of less than 0.6 ms for as-adopted full spectra. Our results provide an easy and promising route to develop low-cost, flexible and highly sensitive UV–Vis–NIR photodetectors.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Perovskite Materials and Applications · Conducting polymers and applications · Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (48)

Show source-provided references
1. Wenham, S. R. Applied Photovoltaics. (Routledge, 2012).10.4324/9781849776981 ↗
2. Cao, W. & Xue, J. Recent progress in organic photovoltaics: device architecture and optical design. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 2123–2144 (2014).10.1039/c4ee00260a ↗
3. Haus, J. Optical Sensors. (Wiley Online Library, 2010).10.1002/9783527629435 ↗
4. Silvano, D. Photodetectors: devices, circuits, and applications. Meas. Sci. Technol. 12, 653 (2001).
5. Dou, L. et al. Solution-processed hybrid perovskite photodetectors with high detectivity. Nat. Commun. 5, 5404 (2014).10.1038/ncomms6404 ↗
6. Zhang, B. Y. et al. Broadband high photoresponse from pure monolayer graphene photodetector. Nat. Commun. 4, 1811 (2013).10.1038/ncomms2830 ↗
7. Saruwatari, M., Grote, N. & Venghaus, H. Fiber Optic Communication Devices. (Springer, 2001).
8. Chen, S. et al. A Flexible UV-Vis-NIR photodetector based on a perovskite/conjugated-polymer composite. Adv. Mater. 28, 5969–5974 (2016).10.1002/adma.201600468 ↗
9. Yang, J. M., Wang, F. X. & Pan, G. B. Highly sensitive broadband flexible photodetectors based on a blend film with zinc octaethylporphyrin long nanowires embedded in an insulating polymer. Nanoscale 8, 2811–2818 (2016).10.1039/C5NR08565A ↗
10. Du, L. et al. Toward facile broadband high photoresponse of fullerene based phototransistor from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared region. Carbon 96, 685–694 (2016).10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.005 ↗
11. Soref, R. A. Silicon-based optoelectronics. Proc. IEEE 81, 1687–1706 (1993).10.1109/5.248958 ↗
12. Brown, D. M. et al. Silicon carbide UV photodiodes. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 40, 325–333 (1993).10.1109/16.182509 ↗
13. Yoshizawa, A. & Tsuchida, H. A 1550 nm single-photon detector using a thermoelectrically cooled InGaAs avalanche photodiode. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 200 (2001).10.1143/JJAP.40.200 ↗
14. Min, J. et al. Interface engineering of perovskite hybrid solar cells with solution-processed perylene–diimide heterojunctions toward high performance. Chem. Mater. 27, 227–234 (2015).10.1021/cm5037919 ↗
15. Ling, Y. et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite nanoplatelets. Adv. Mater. 28, 305–311 (2016).10.1002/adma.201503954 ↗
16. Tan, Z. K. et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nat. Nanotechnol 9, 687–692 (2014).10.1038/nnano.2014.149 ↗
17. Guo, Y., Liu, C., Tanaka, H. & Nakamura, E. Air-stable and solution-processable perovskite photodetectors for solar-blind UV and visible light. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 535–539 (2015).10.1021/jz502717g ↗
18. Hu, X. et al. High-performance flexible broadband photodetector based on organolead halide perovskite. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 7373–7380 (2014).10.1002/adfm.201402020 ↗
19. Dang, V. Q. et al. Methylammonium lead iodide perovskite-graphene hybrid channels in flexible broadband phototransistors. Carbon 105, 353–361 (2016).10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.060 ↗
20. Zhu, H. et al. Lead halide perovskite nanowire lasers with low lasing thresholds and high quality factors. Nat. Mater. 14, 636–642 (2015).10.1038/nmat4271 ↗
21. Wehrenfennig, C., Eperon, G. E., Johnston, M. B., Snaith, H. J. & Herz, L. M. High charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes in organolead trihalide perovskites. Adv. Mater. 26, 1584–1589 (2014).10.1002/adma.201305172 ↗
22. Lo, M.-F., Guan, Z.-Q., Ng, T.-W., Chan, C.-Y. & Lee, C.-S. Electronic structures and photoconversion mechanism in perovskite/fullerene heterojunctions. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 1213–1218 (2015).10.1002/adfm.201402692 ↗
23. Shi, D. et al. Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals. Science 347, 519–522 (2015).10.1126/science.aaa2725 ↗
24. Brenner, T. M., Egger, D. A., Kronik, L., Hodes, G. & Cahen, D. Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites: low-cost semiconductors with intriguing charge-transport properties. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 15007 (2016).10.1038/natrevmats.2015.7 ↗
25. Fang, Y., Dong, Q., Shao, Y., Yuan, Y. & Huang, J. Highly narrowband perovskite single-crystal photodetectors enabled by surface-charge recombination. Nat. Photonics 9, 679–686 (2015).10.1038/nphoton.2015.156 ↗
26. Qi, J. et al. Panchromatic small molecules for UV-Vis-NIR photodetectors with high detectivity. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 2431 (2014).10.1039/c3tc32271h ↗
27. Liu, C. et al. Ultrasensitive solution-processed broad-band photodetectors using CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite hybrids and PbS quantum dots as light harvesters. Nanoscale 7, 16460–16469 (2015).10.1039/C5NR04575D ↗
28. Hao, F., Stoumpos, C. C., Chang, R. P. & Kanatzidis, M. G. Anomalous band gap behavior in mixed Sn and Pb perovskites enables broadening of absorption spectrum in solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 8094–8099 (2014).10.1021/ja5033259 ↗
29. Jiang, J. Functional Phthalocyanine Molecular Materials, Vol. 135 (Springer, 2010).10.1007/978-3-642-04752-7 ↗
30. Su, Z. et al. High-performance organic small-molecule panchromatic photodetectors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 2529–2534 (2015).
31. Sakurai, T. et al. Structural control of organic solar cells based on nonplanar metallophthalocyanine/C60 heterojunctions using organic buffer layers. Org. Electron. 12, 966–973 (2011).10.1016/j.orgel.2011.03.016 ↗
32. Li, Y. et al. Substrate temperature dependent performance of near infrared photoresponsive organic field effect transistors based on lead phthalocyanine. Synth. Met. 205, 190–194 (2015).10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.04.011 ↗
33. Lv, W. et al. Organic near-infrared upconversion devices: design principles and operation mechanisms. Org. Electron. 31, 258–265 (2016).10.1016/j.orgel.2016.01.032 ↗
34. Lee, J. Effects of substrate temperature on the device properties of pentacene-based thin film transistors using Al2O3+x gate dielectric. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 3733 (2004).10.1063/1.1650886 ↗
35. Gu, W. et al. The influences of substrate temperature on ambipolar organic heterojunction transistors. Thin Solid Films 519, 439–442 (2010).10.1016/j.tsf.2010.07.068 ↗
36. Zhang, Y. et al. Ultrasensitive photodetectors based on island-structured CH3NH3PbI3 thin films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 21634–21638 (2015).
37. Wu, Y. et al. Perovskite solar cells with 18.21% efficiency and area over 1 cm2 fabricated by heterojunction engineering. Nat. Energy 1, 16148 (2016).10.1038/nenergy.2016.148 ↗
38. Wang, N. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells. Nat. Photonics 10, 699–704 (2016).10.1038/nphoton.2016.185 ↗
39. Collins, R., Krier, A. & Abass, A. Optical properties of lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) thin films. Thin Solid Films 229, 113–118 (1993).10.1016/0040-6090(93)90417-N ↗
40. Antoniadou, M., Siranidi, E., Vaenas, N., Kontos, A. G., Stathatos, E. & Falaras, P. Photovoltaic Performance and Stability of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx Perovskites. J. Surf. Interfaces Mater. 2, 323–327 (2014).10.1166/jsim.2014.1060 ↗
41. Heo, J. H. & Im, S. H. Highly reproducible, efficient hysteresis-less CH3NH3PbI3-xClx planar hybrid solar cells without requiring heat-treatment. Nanoscale 8, 2554–2560 (2016).10.1039/C5NR08458J ↗
42. Yoo, J., Jeong, S., Kim, S. & Je, J. H. A stretchable nanowire UV-Vis-NIR photodetector with high performance. Adv. Mater. 27, 1712–1717 (2015).10.1002/adma.201404945 ↗
43. Wu, J.-J., Tao, Y.-R., Wu, Y. & Wu, X.-C. Ultrathin SnS2 nanosheets of ultrasonic synthesis and their photoresponses from ultraviolet to near-infrared. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 231, 211–217 (2016).10.1016/j.snb.2016.03.029 ↗
44. Buscema, M. et al. Fast and broadband photoresponse of few-layer black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nano Lett. 14, 3347–3352 (2014).10.1021/nl5008085 ↗
45. Bube, R. H. Photoelectronic Properties of Semiconductors. (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
46. Rose, A. Concepts in Photoconductivity and Allied Problems. (1978).
47. Song, J. et al. Monolayer and few-layer all-inorganic perovskites as a new family of two-dimensional semiconductors for printable optoelectronic devices. Adv. Mater. 28, 4861–4869 (2016).10.1002/adma.201600225 ↗
48. Yan, C., Singh, N. & Lee, P. S. Wide-bandgap Zn2GeO4 nanowire networks as efficient ultraviolet photodetectors with fast response and recovery time. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 053108 (2010).10.1063/1.3297905 ↗