Fully biodegradable electrochromic display for disposable patch
Source abstract
Abstract
Flexible and biodegradable electronics have emerged as a promising solution for escalating electronic waste issue caused by the rapid development of skin patch electronics. Fully biodegradable displays are essential for visualizing biological/physical/chemical/electrochemical signals measured by a wide range of skin patch electronics. Here we propose fully biodegradable electrochromic display providing low operating voltage and low power consumption. The biodegradable transparent conductive electrode was fabricated by transferring free-standing tungsten nanomesh onto poly lactic-co-glycolic acid substrate using electrospinning templating, minimizing damage to the substrate. Electrochromic layer was tungsten oxide which is biodegradable, and a ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox agent was utilized as a counter electrode reaction to enhance operational stability in an aqueous electrolyte by reducing operating voltage and side reactions. This display successfully visualized diverse signals from various biodegradable electronics such as UV sensors and electrochemical transistors, and finally underwent eco-friendly degradation in phosphate-buffered saline or soil under mild conditions.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials · Conducting polymers and applications · Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (68)
Show source-provided references
1. Ling, Y. et al. Disruptive, soft, wearable sensors. Adv. Mater. 32, 1904664 (2020).10.1002/adma.201904664 ↗
2. Gao, W. et al. Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature 529, 509–514 (2016).10.1038/nature16521 ↗
3. Hao, Y. et al. A stretchable, breathable, and self‐adhesive electronic skin with multimodal sensing capabilities for human‐centered healthcare. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2303881 (2023).10.1002/adfm.202303881 ↗
4. Kim, J. et al. Electroceuticals for regeneration of long nerve gap using biodegradable conductive conduits and implantable wireless stimulator. Adv. Sci. 10, 2302632 (2023).10.1002/advs.202302632 ↗
5. Ogawa, Y. et al. Organic transdermal iontophoresis patch with built‐in biofuel cell. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4, 506–510 (2015).10.1002/adhm.201400457 ↗
6. Ma, Y. et al. Flexible hybrid electronics for digital healthcare. Adv. Mater. 32, 1902062 (2020).10.1002/adma.201902062 ↗
7. Yu, Y. et al. All-printed soft human-machine interface for robotic physicochemical sensing. Sci. Robot. 7, eabn0495 (2022).10.1126/scirobotics.abn0495 ↗
8. Dincer, C. et al. Disposable sensors in diagnostics, food, and environmental monitoring. Adv. Mater. 31, 1806739 (2019).10.1002/adma.201806739 ↗
9. Heacock, M. et al. E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations: A growing global problem. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 550–555 (2016).10.1289/ehp.1509699 ↗
10. West, E., Woolridge, A. & Ibarrola, P. How to manage healthcare waste and reduce its environmental impact. Pract. 42, 303–308 (2020).10.1136/inp.m1678 ↗
11. Feldt, T. et al. High levels of PAH-metabolites in urine of e-waste recycling workers from Agbogbloshie. Ghana. Sci. Total Environ. 466, 369–376 (2014).10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.097 ↗
12. Hwang, S. W. et al. Materials for bioresorbable radio frequency electronics. Adv. Mater. 25, 3526–3531 (2013).10.1002/adma.201300920 ↗
13. Chang, J. K. et al. Biodegradable electronic systems in 3D, heterogeneously integrated formats. Adv. Mater. 30, 1704955 (2018).10.1002/adma.201704955 ↗
14. Hwang, S. W. et al. Materials for programmed, functional transformation in transient electronic systems. Adv. Mater. 27, 47–52 (2015).10.1002/adma.201403051 ↗
15. Dang, B. et al. A bio-inspired physically transient/biodegradable synapse for security neuromorphic computing based on memristors. Nanoscale 10, 20089–20095 (2018).10.1039/C8NR07442A ↗
16. Salvatore, G. A. et al. Biodegradable and highly deformable temperature sensors for the internet of things. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1702390 (2017).10.1002/adfm.201702390 ↗
17. Ouyang, H. et al. A bioresorbable dynamic pressure sensor for cardiovascular postoperative care. Adv. Mater. 33, 2102302 (2021).10.1002/adma.202102302 ↗
18. Hwang, S.-W. et al. Biodegradable elastomers and silicon nanomembranes/nanoribbons for stretchable, transient electronics, and biosensors. Nano Lett. 15, 2801–2808 (2015).10.1021/nl503997m ↗
19. Bathaei, M. J. et al. Photolithography‐based microfabrication of biodegradable flexible and stretchable sensors. Adv. Mater. 35, 2207081 (2023).10.1002/adma.202207081 ↗
20. Yu, K. J. et al. Bioresorbable silicon electronics for transient spatiotemporal mapping of electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. Nat. Mater. 15, 782–791 (2016).10.1038/nmat4624 ↗
21. Yi, N. et al. Fully water-soluble, high-performance transient sensors on a versatile galactomannan substrate derived from the endosperm. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 36664–36674 (2018).10.1021/acsami.8b11682 ↗
22. Ko, G.-J. et al. Biodegradable, flexible silicon nanomembrane-based NOx gas sensor system with record-high performance for transient environmental monitors and medical implants. NPG Asia Mater. 12, 71 (2020).10.1038/s41427-020-00253-0 ↗
23. Yin, L. et al. Materials, designs, and operational characteristics for fully biodegradable primary batteries. Adv. Mater. 26, 3879–3884 (2014).10.1002/adma.201306304 ↗
24. Lee, G. et al. Fully biodegradable microsupercapacitor for power storage in transient electronics. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700157 (2017).10.1002/aenm.201700157 ↗
25. Dagdeviren, C. et al. Transient, biocompatible electronics and energy harvesters based on ZnO. small 9, 3398–3404 (2013).10.1002/smll.201300146 ↗
26. Lu, D. et al. Transient light‐emitting diodes constructed from semiconductors and transparent conductors that biodegrade under physiological conditions. Adv. Mater. 31, 1902739 (2019).10.1002/adma.201902739 ↗
27. Fu, R. et al. Implantable and biodegradable poly (l‐lactic acid) fibers for optical neural interfaces. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6, 1700941 (2018).10.1002/adom.201700941 ↗
28. Bai, W. et al. Bioresorbable photonic devices for the spectroscopic characterization of physiological status and neural activity. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 3, 644–654 (2019).10.1038/s41551-019-0435-y ↗
29. Nizamoglu, S. et al. Bioabsorbable polymer optical waveguides for deep-tissue photomedicine. Nat. Commun. 7, 10374 (2016).10.1038/ncomms10374 ↗
30. Koo, J. et al. Wirelessly controlled, bioresorbable drug delivery device with active valves that exploit electrochemically triggered crevice corrosion. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb1093 (2020).10.1126/sciadv.abb1093 ↗
31. Koh, A. et al. A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat. Sci. Transl. Med. 8, 366ra165–366ra165 (2016).10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2593 ↗
32. Kim, J. et al. Battery-free, stretchable optoelectronic systems for wireless optical characterization of the skin. Sci. Adv. 2, e1600418 (2016).10.1126/sciadv.1600418 ↗
33. Pietsch, M. et al. Biodegradable inkjet-printed electrochromic display for sustainable short-lifecycle electronics. J. Mater. Chem. C. 8, 16716–16724 (2020).10.1039/D0TC04627B ↗
34. Xue, R. et al. Fabrication of flexible electrochromic devices with degradable and fully recyclable features. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 8, 1320–1328 (2022).10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00106 ↗
35. Lang, A. W., Österholm, A. M. & Reynolds, J. R. Paper‐based electrochromic devices enabled by nanocellulose‐coated substrates. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1903487 (2019).10.1002/adfm.201903487 ↗
36. Yu, Z., Cai, G., Liu, X. & Tang, D. Pressure-based biosensor integrated with a flexible pressure sensor and an electrochromic device for visual detection. Anal. Chem. 93, 2916–2925 (2021).10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04501 ↗
37. Danine, A., Manceriu, L., Fargues, A. & Rougier, A. Eco-friendly redox mediator gelatin-electrolyte for simplified TiO2-viologen based electrochromic devices. Electrochim. Acta 258, 200–207 (2017).10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.096 ↗
38. Jeong, C. Y., Kubota, T. & Tajima, K. Flexible electrochromic devices based on tungsten oxide and Prussian blue nanoparticles for automobile applications. RSC Adv. 11, 28614–28620 (2021).10.1039/D1RA05280B ↗
39. Choe, A. et al. Stretchable and wearable colorimetric patches based on thermoresponsive plasmonic microgels embedded in a hydrogel film. NPG Asia Mater. 10, 912–922 (2018).10.1038/s41427-018-0086-6 ↗
40. Yang, B., Yao, C., Yu, Y., Li, Z. & Wang, X. Nature degradable, flexible, and transparent conductive substrates from green and earth-abundant materials. Sci. Rep. 7, 4936 (2017).10.1038/s41598-017-04969-y ↗
41. Wang, T. et al. Novel biodegradable and ultra-flexible transparent conductive film for green light OLED devices. Carbon 172, 379–389 (2021).10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.027 ↗
42. Zhuang, A. et al. One-step approach to prepare transparent conductive regenerated silk fibroin/PEDOT: PSS films for electroactive cell culture. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 123–137 (2021).10.1021/acsami.1c16855 ↗
43. Allen, B. L. et al. Biodegradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes through enzymatic catalysis. Nano Lett. 8, 3899–3903 (2008).10.1021/nl802315h ↗
44. Chen, T., Lin, Y., Bi, X. & Gu, Y. Conductive poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) is effectively degradable by hydrogen peroxide with iron (ii) chloride. Mater. Chem. Phys. 242, 122509 (2020).10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122509 ↗
45. Liu, Y. et al. Fundamental theory of biodegradable metals—definition, criteria, and design. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1805402 (2019).10.1002/adfm.201805402 ↗
46. Qiu, T. et al. Hydrogen reduced graphene oxide/metal grid hybrid film: towards high performance transparent conductive electrode for flexible electrochromic devices. Carbon 81, 232–238 (2015).10.1016/j.carbon.2014.09.054 ↗
47. Kang, M. G., Kim, M. S., Kim, J. & Guo, L. J. Organic solar cells using nanoimprinted transparent metal electrodes. Adv. Mater. 20, 4408–4413 (2008).10.1002/adma.200800750 ↗
48. Liu, C.-H. & Yu, X. Silver nanowire-based transparent, flexible, and conductive thin film. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6, 1–8 (2011).10.1186/1556-276X-6-75 ↗
49. Kim, H. et al. Aqueous rechargeable Li and Na ion batteries. Chem. Rev. 114, 11788–11827 (2014).10.1021/cr500232y ↗
50. Liu, Y. et al. Highly-concentrated electrolyte incorporating Li-ion solvation sheath interphase for encapsulation-free organic electrochromic devices. Electrochim. Acta 390, 138870 (2021).10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138870 ↗
51. De Wijs, G. & De Groot, R. Structure and electronic properties of amorphous WO 3. Phys. Rev. B 60, 16463 (1999).10.1103/PhysRevB.60.16463 ↗
52. Yin, L. et al. Dissolvable metals for transient electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 645–658 (2014).10.1002/adfm.201301847 ↗
53. Gong, K. et al. All-soluble all-iron aqueous redox-flow battery. ACS Energy Lett. 1, 89–93 (2016).10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00049 ↗
54. Lu, Y., Goodenough, J. B. & Kim, Y. Aqueous cathode for next-generation alkali-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 5756–5759 (2011).10.1021/ja201118f ↗
55. Okutani, C., Yokota, T. & Someya, T. Interconnected heat-press-treated gold nanomesh conductors for wearable sensors. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3, 1848–1854 (2020).10.1021/acsanm.9b02514 ↗
56. Subrahmanyam, A. & Karuppasamy, A. Optical and electrochromic properties of oxygen sputtered tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91, 266–274 (2007).10.1016/j.solmat.2006.09.005 ↗
57. Tang, K. et al. Crystalline WO3 nanowires array sheathed with sputtered amorphous shells for enhanced electrochromic performance. Appl. Surf. Sci. 498, 143796 (2019).10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143796 ↗
58. Garric, X. et al. Growth of various cell types in the presence of lactic and glycolic acids: the adverse effect of glycolic acid released from PLAGA copolymer on keratinocyte proliferation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 13, 1189–1201 (2002).10.1163/156856202320892957 ↗
59. Ivask, A. et al. Toxicity of 11 metal oxide nanoparticles to three mammalian cell types in vitro. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 15, 1914–1929 (2015).10.2174/1568026615666150506150109 ↗
60. Cambria, E. et al. Cell-laden agarose-collagen composite hydrogels for mechanotransduction studies. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8, 346 (2020).10.3389/fbioe.2020.00346 ↗
61. Additives, E. P. O. et al. Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of sodium ferrocyanide and potassium ferrocyanide for all animal species (Eusalt aisbl). EFSA J. 21, e07960 (2023).
62. Chi, W.-J., Chang, Y.-K. & Hong, S.-K. Agar degradation by microorganisms and agar-degrading enzymes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 94, 917–930 (2012).10.1007/s00253-012-4023-2 ↗
63. McKee, L. S. et al. Polysaccharide degradation by the bacteroidetes: mechanisms and nomenclature. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 13, 559–581 (2021).10.1111/1758-2229.12980 ↗
64. Kumar, N., Langer, R. S. & Domb, A. J. Polyanhydrides: An overview. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54, 889–910 (2002).10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00050-9 ↗
65. Yao, X. et al. Protonic solid-state electrochemical synapse for physical neural networks. Nat. Commun. 11, 3134 (2020).10.1038/s41467-020-16866-6 ↗
66. Danine, A. et al. Room temperature UV treated WO3 thin films for electrochromic devices on paper substrate. Electrochim. Acta 129, 113–119 (2014).10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.028 ↗
67. Rong, K. et al. Deep eutectic solvent with prussian blue and tungsten oxide for green and low-cost electrochromic devices. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 1, 1038–1045 (2019).10.1021/acsaelm.9b00162 ↗
68. Andersson Ersman, P. et al. Electrochromic displays screen printed on transparent nanocellulose‐based substrates. Adv. Photonics Res. 4, 2200012 (2023).10.1002/adpr.202200012 ↗