Carrier photodynamics in 2D perovskites with solution-processed silver and graphene contacts for bendable optoelectronics
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Silver (Ag) and graphene (Gr) inks have been engineered to serve as efficient electrical contacts for solution-processed two-dimensional (2D) organo-halide (CH3(CH2)3NH3)2(CH3NH3)n−1PbnI3n+1 (n = 4) layered perovskites, where all inkjet-printed heterostructure photodetectors (PDs) were fabricated on polyimide (PI) substrates. To date, limited studies exist that compare multiple contacts to enable high-performance engineered contacts to 2D perovskites. Moreover, of these few reports, such studies have examined contacts deposited using vapor-based techniques that are time-consuming and require expensive, specialized deposition equipment. In this work, we report on the inkjet printed, direct contact study of solution-processed, 2D perovskite-based PDs formed on flexible PI substrates. Solution processing offers a cost-effective, expedient route for inkjet printing Gr and Ag using a dispersion chemistry developed in this work that is compatible with the underlying 2D perovskite layer to construct the PDs. The wavelength λ-dependent photocurrent Ip peaked at λ ~ 630 nm for both PDs, consistent with the bandgap Eg ~ 1.96 eV for our semiconducting 2D perovskite absorber layer. The external quantum efficiency was determined to be 103% for Ag-perovskite PDs, where strain-dependent bending tests were also conducted to reveal the opto-mechanical modulation of the photocurrent in our devices.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Perovskite Materials and Applications · Conducting polymers and applications · 2D Materials and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (61)
Show source-provided references
1. Zhou, H. et al. Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Science 345, 542–546 (2014).10.1126/science.1254050 ↗
2. Green, M. A., Ho-Baillie, A. & Snaith, H. J. The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nat. Photon. 8, 506 (2014).10.1038/nphoton.2014.134 ↗
3. Boix, P. P., Agarwala, S., Koh, T. M., Mathews, N. & Mhaisalkar, S. G. Perovskite solar cells: beyond methylammonium lead iodide. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 898–907 (2015).10.1021/jz502547f ↗
4. Guo, Y., Liu, C., Tanaka, H. & Nakamura, E. Air-stable and solution-processable perovskite photodetectors for solar-blind UV and visible light. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 535–539 (2015).10.1021/jz502717g ↗
5. Zhang, Y. et al. Synthesis, properties, and optical applications of low-dimensional perovskites. Chem. Commun. 52, 13637–13655 (2016).10.1039/C6CC06425F ↗
6. Liu, J. et al. Two-dimensional CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite: synthesis and optoelectronic application. ACS Nano 10, 3536–3542 (2016).10.1021/acsnano.5b07791 ↗
7. Qi, X. et al. Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D metal‐halide perovskites. Small 14, 1800682 (2018).10.1002/smll.201800682 ↗
8. Stranks, S. D. et al. Electron-hole diffusion lengths exceeding 1 micrometer in an organometal trihalide perovskite absorber. Science. 342, 341–344 (2013).10.1126/science.1243982 ↗
9. Kojima, A., Teshima, K., Miyasaka, T. & Shirai, Y. Novel photoelectrochemical cell with mesoscopic electrodes sensitized by lead-halide compounds (2). In: Meeting Abstracts, Vol. 397 (The Electrochemical Society, 2006).10.1149/MA2006-02/7/397 ↗
10. Green, M., Dunlop, E., Hohl-Ebinger, J., Yoshita, M., Kopidakis, N. & Hao, X. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 57). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 29, 3–15 (2021).10.1002/pip.3371 ↗
11. Kim, Y. et al. Multicolored organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite light‐emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 27, 1248–1254 (2015).10.1002/adma.201403751 ↗
12. Dou, L. et al. Solution-processed hybrid perovskite photodetectors with high detectivity. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–6 (2014).10.1038/ncomms6404 ↗
13. Lu, H. et al. A self‐powered and stable all‐perovskite photodetector–solar cell nanosystem. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 1296–1302 (2016).10.1002/adfm.201504477 ↗
14. Xie, C. & Yan, F. Flexible photodetectors based on novel functional materials. Small 13, 1701822 (2017).10.1002/smll.201701822 ↗
15. Konstantatos, G. Current status and technological prospect of photodetectors based on two-dimensional materials. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–3 (2018).10.1038/s41467-018-07643-7 ↗
16. Kim, J. et al. Near-ultraviolet-sensitive graphene/porous silicon photodetectors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 20880–20886 (2014).10.1021/am5053812 ↗
17. Haugan, H. J. et al. Study of residual background carriers in midinfrared In As∕Ga Sb superlattices for uncooled detector operation. Appl Phys. Lett. 92, 71102 (2008).10.1063/1.2884264 ↗
18. Jin, Y., Wang, J., Sun, B., Blakesley, J. C. & Greenham, N. C. Solution-processed ultraviolet photodetectors based on colloidal ZnO nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 8, 1649–1653 (2008).10.1021/nl0803702 ↗
19. Ruddlesden, S. N. & Popper, P. New compounds of the K2NiF4 type. Acta Crystallogr. 10, 538–539 (1957).10.1107/S0365110X57001929 ↗
20. Birowosuto, M. D. et al. X-ray scintillation in lead halide perovskite crystals. Sci. Rep. 6, 37254 (2016).10.1038/srep37254 ↗
21. Stoumpos, C. C. et al. Ruddlesden–Popper hybrid lead iodide perovskite 2D homologous semiconductors. Chem. Mater. 28, 2852–2867 (2016).10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00847 ↗
22. Min, M., Hossain, R. F., Adhikari, N. & Kaul, A. B. Inkjet-printed organohalide 2D layered perovskites for high-speed photodetectors on flexible polyimide substrates. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 10809–10819 (2020).10.1021/acsami.9b21053 ↗
23. Yuan, Z., Shu, Y., Xin, Y. & Ma, B. Highly luminescent nanoscale quasi-2D layered lead bromide perovskites with tunable emissions. Chem. Commun. 52, 3887–3890 (2016).10.1039/C5CC09762B ↗
24. Aharon, S. & Etgar, L. Two dimensional organometal halide perovskite nanorods with tunable optical properties. Nano Lett. 16, 3230–3235 (2016).10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00665 ↗
25. Sze, S. M. & Ng, K. K. Physics of Semiconductor Devices (John Wiley & Sons, 2006).10.1002/0470068329 ↗
26. Fan, Z. -Q. et al. In-plane Schottky-barrier field-effect transistors based on 1T/2H heterojunctions of transition-metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 96, 165402 (2017).10.1103/PhysRevB.96.165402 ↗
27. Bandyopadhyay, A. S., Adhikari, N. & Kaul, A. B. Quantum Multibody Interactions in Halide-assisted vapor-synthesized monolayer WSe2 and its integration in a high responsivity photodetector with low-interface trap density. Chem. Mater. 31, 9861–9874 (2019).10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b04086 ↗
28. Michel, M. et al. A thermally-invariant, additively manufactured, high-power graphene resistor for flexible electronics. 2D Mater. 4, 25076 (2017).10.1088/2053-1583/aa66ff ↗
29. Jayanand, K. et al. Sc 3 N@ C 80 and La@ C 82 doped graphene for a new class of optoelectronic devices. J. Mater. Chem. C 8, 3970–3981 (2020).10.1039/C9TC06145B ↗
30. Hossain, R. F., Deaguero, I. G., Boland, T. & Kaul, A. B. Solution dispersed 2D graphene & MoS2 for an inkjet printed biocompatible photodetector. In: 2016 Lester Eastman Conference (LEC), Vol. 2016, 19–22 (IEEE, 2016).10.1109/LEC.2016.7578924 ↗
31. Lin, C. -H. et al. Metal contact and carrier transport in single crystalline CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite. Nano Energy 53, 817–827 (2018).10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.09.049 ↗
32. Guo, Y., Saidi, W. A. & Wang, Q. 2D halide perovskite-based van der Waals heterostructures: contact evaluation and performance modulation. 2D Mater. 4, 35009 (2017).10.1088/2053-1583/aa7ac3 ↗
33. Kim, N. -K. et al. Investigation of thermally induced degradation in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite solar cells using in-situ synchrotron radiation analysis. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–9 (2017).10.1038/s41598-016-0028-x ↗
34. Zhang, Y. et al. Efficient inverted planar formamidinium lead iodide perovskite solar cells via a post improved perovskite layer. RSC Adv. 6, 79952–79957 (2016).10.1039/C6RA15210D ↗
35. Gangadharan, D. T. & Ma, D. Searching for stability at lower dimensions: current trends and future prospects of layered perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 12, 2860–2889 (2019).10.1039/C9EE01591D ↗
36. Eaton, S. W. et al. Lasing in robust cesium lead halide perovskite nanowires. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 113, 1993–1998 (2016).10.1073/pnas.1600789113 ↗
37. Liu, X. -D. et al. Solution-phase growth of organolead halide perovskite nanowires and nanoplates assisted by long-chain alkylammonium and solvent polarity. Mater. Lett. 206, 75–79 (2017).10.1016/j.matlet.2017.06.113 ↗
38. Wang, Q. et al. Large fill-factor bilayer iodine perovskite solar cells fabricated by a low-temperature solution-process. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 2359–2365 (2014).10.1039/C4EE00233D ↗
39. Weller, M. T., Weber, O. J., Henry, P. F., Di Pumpo, A. M. & Hansen, T. C. Complete structure and cation orientation in the perovskite photovoltaic methylammonium lead iodide between 100 and 352 K. Chem. Commun. 51, 4180–4183 (2015).10.1039/C4CC09944C ↗
40. Anwar, A., Nabet, B., Culp, J. & Castro, F. Effects of electron confinement on thermionic emission current in a modulation doped heterostructure. J. Appl Phys. 85, 2663–2666 (1999).10.1063/1.369627 ↗
41. Chen, Y. -F. et al. Evidence of band bending induced by hole trapping at MAPbI 3 perovskite/metal interface. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 17529–17536 (2016).10.1039/C6TA08979H ↗
42. Hu, X. et al. High‐performance flexible broadband photodetector based on organolead halide perovskite. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 7373–7380 (2014).10.1002/adfm.201402020 ↗
43. Wang, W., Ma, Y. & Qi, L. High‐performance photodetectors based on organometal halide perovskite nanonets. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1603653 (2017).10.1002/adfm.201603653 ↗
44. Li, P., Shivananju, B. N., Zhang, Y., Li, S. & Bao, Q. High performance photodetector based on 2D CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite nanosheets. J. Phys. D Appl Phys. 50, 94002 (2017).10.1088/1361-6463/aa5623 ↗
45. Deng, H. et al. Flexible and semitransparent organolead triiodide perovskite network photodetector arrays with high stability. Nano Lett. 15, 7963–7969 (2015).10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03061 ↗
46. Maculan, G. et al. CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystals: inverse temperature crystallization and visible-blind UV-photodetector. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 3781–3786 (2015).10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01666 ↗
47. Zhang, X. et al. High-switching-ratio photodetectors based on perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 nanowires. Nanomaterials 8, 318 (2018).10.3390/nano8050318 ↗
48. Yao, J. D., Zheng, Z. Q., Shao, J. M. & Yang, G. W. Stable, highly-responsive and broadband photodetection based on large-area multilayered WS 2 films grown by pulsed-laser deposition. Nanoscale 7, 14974–14981 (2015).10.1039/C5NR03361F ↗
49. Riazimehr, S. et al. High responsivity and quantum efficiency of graphene/silicon photodiodes achieved by interdigitating Schottky and gated regions. ACS Photonics 6, 107–115 (2018).10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00951 ↗
50. Ulaganathan, R. K. et al. High photosensitivity and broad spectral response of multi-layered germanium sulfide transistors. Nanoscale 8, 2284–2292 (2016).10.1039/C5NR05988G ↗
51. Lv, L. et al. Generalized colloidal synthesis of high-quality, two-dimensional cesium lead halide perovskite nanosheets and their applications in photodetectors. Nanoscale 8, 13589–13596 (2016).10.1039/C6NR03428D ↗
52. Zhang, M. et al. High-performance photodiode-type photodetectors based on polycrystalline formamidinium lead iodide perovskite thin films. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–9 (2018).
53. Law, J. B. K. & Thong, J. T. L. Simple fabrication of a ZnO nanowire photodetector with a fast photoresponse time. Appl Phys. Lett. 88, 133114 (2006).10.1063/1.2190459 ↗
54. Wang, Y. et al. High sensitivity and fast response solution processed polymer photodetectors with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) modified ITO electrode. Opt. Express 25, 7719–7729 (2017).10.1364/OE.25.007719 ↗
55. Cunningham, G. et al. Photoconductivity of solution-processed MoS 2 films. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 6899–6904 (2013).10.1039/c3tc31402b ↗
56. Zhang, L. et al. Strain induced electronic structure variation in methyl-ammonium lead iodide perovskite. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–9 (2018).
57. Gu, Z., Huang, Z., Li, C., Li, M. & Song, Y. A general printing approach for scalable growth of perovskite single-crystal films. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat2390 (2018).10.1126/sciadv.aat2390 ↗
58. Nguyen, V. T. et al. Synthesis of multi-layer graphene films on copper tape by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition method. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4, 35012 (2013).10.1088/2043-6262/4/3/035012 ↗
59. Hossain, R. F., Deaguero, I. G., Boland, T. & Kaul, A. B. Biocompatible, large-format, inkjet printed heterostructure MoS 2-graphene photodetectors on conformable substrates. npj 2D Mater. Appl. 1, 1–10 (2017).10.1038/s41699-017-0034-2 ↗
60. Fadil, D., Hossain, R. F., Saenz, G. A. & Kaul, A. B. On the chemically-assisted excitonic enhancement in environmentally-friendly solution dispersions of two-dimensional MoS2 and WS2. J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 5323–5333 (2017).10.1039/C7TC01001J ↗
61. Dualeh, A. et al. Impedance spectroscopic analysis of lead iodide perovskite-sensitized solid-state solar cells. ACS Nano. 8, 362–373 (2014).10.1021/nn404323g ↗