Bioactive MXene Promoting Angiogenesis and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration through Regulating M2 Polarization and Oxidation Stress

Abstract Complete repair of skeletal muscles caused by severe mechanical damage and muscle‐related diseases remains a challenge. 2D Ti₃C₂T_x (MXene) possesses special photoelectromagnetic properties and has attracted considerable attention in materials science and engineering. However, the bioactive properties and potential mechanism of MXene in tissue engineering, especially in skeletal muscle regeneration, are unclear. Herein, the antioxidation and anti‐inflammation activities of MXene and its effects on myogenic differentiation and regeneration of skeletal muscle in vivo are investigated. In vitro studies have shown that MXene has excellent antioxidation and anti‐inflammatory properties, and promotes myogenic differentiation and angiogenesis. MXene can remove excess reactive oxygen species in macrophage cells to alleviate oxidative stress and induce the transformation of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages to reduce excessive inflammation, which can significantly promote the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, as well as the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells. Animal experiments with rat tibial anterior muscle defects show that MXene can promote angiogenesis, muscle fiber formation, and skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating the cell microenvironment through anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. The findings suggest that MXene can be used as a multifunctional bioactive material to enhance tissue regeneration through robust antioxidation, anti‐inflammation, and angiogenesis activities.