Recent Progress in Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing for Printed Electronics: From 0D to 3D Materials

Advanced micro/nano-flexible sensors, displays, electronic skins, and other related devices provide considerable benefits compared to traditional technologies, aiding in the compactness of devices, enhancing energy efficiency, and improving system reliability. The creation of cost-effective, scalable, and high-resolution fabrication techniques for micro/nanostructures built from optoelectronic materials is crucial for downsizing to enhance overall efficiency and boost integration density. The electrohydrodynamic jet (EHD) printing technology is a novel additive manufacturing process that harnesses the power of electricity to create fluid motion, offering unparalleled benefits and a diverse spectrum of potential uses for microelectronic printing in terms of materials, precision, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. This article summarizes various applications of EHD printing by categorizing them as zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing materials. Zero-dimensional (quantum dot) materials are predominantly utilized in LED applications owing to their superb optoelectronic properties, high color fidelity, adjustable color output, and impressive fluorescence quantum yield. One- and two-dimensional materials are primarily employed in FET and sensor technologies due to their distinctive physical structure and exceptional optoelectronic properties. Three-dimensional materials encompass nanometals, nanopolymers, nanoglass, and nanoporous materials, with nanometals and nanopolymers finding widespread application in EHD printing technology. We hope our work will facilitate the development of small-feature-size, large-scale flexible electronic devices via EHD printing.