journal article·2018-06-04

Phosphorus Doped Carbon Nitride Nanotubes by Sequential Cation-Exchanging Reaction with Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Hai Bing Che, Xiao Xiao Yan, Zhi Yuan Jia, Peng Hu, Jinshu Wang

Publisher page

Abstract

In this work, a novel and facile sequential cation-exchanging strategy was developed to synthesize phosphorus doped g-C3N4 nanotubes, and resulted nanotubes were composed of small nanorods with length of several hundred nanometers by oriented aggregation. As obtained products exhibit greatly enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with rate of 4.59 mmol h-1 g-1, which is 16 times higher than that of the bulk g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation. Mechanism investigation reveals that the superior photocatalytic property could be attributed to its improved visible light absorbance, well suppressed charges recombination and nanostructural construction.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · MXene and MAX Phase Materials · Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Beijing University of Technology

References (44)

Show source-provided references
1. Y. Guo, J. Li, Y. Yuan, L. Li, M. Zhang, et al., A rapid microwave-assisted thermolysis route to highly crystalline carbon nitrides for efficient hydrogen generation, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 (2016) 14693.10.1002/anie.201608453 ↗
2. K. Rajeshwar, M.E. Osugi, W. Chanmanee, C.R. Chenthamarakshan, M.V.B. Zanoni, et al., Heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes in air and aqueous media, J. Photoch. Photobio. C 9 (2008) 171.10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2008.09.001 ↗
3. S. Ye, R. Wang, M.Z. Wu, Y.P. Yuan, A review on g-C3N4 for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction, Appl. Surf. Sci. 358 (2015) 15.10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.173 ↗
4. J. Chen, S. Shen, P. Guo, M. Wang, P. Wu, et al., In-situ reduction synthesis of nano-sized Cu2O particles modifying g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 152-153 (2014) 335.10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.01.047 ↗
5. Y.P. Yuan, L.S. Yin, S.W. Cao, L.N. Gu, G.S. Xu, et al., Microwave-assisted heating synthesis: a general and rapid strategy for large-scale production of highly crystalline g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic H2 production, Green Chem. 16 (2014).10.1039/c4gc01517g ↗
6. A.Y. Liu, M. L. Cohen, Prediction of new low compressibility solids, Science 245 (1989) 841.10.1126/science.245.4920.841 ↗
7. L.B. Jiang, X.Z. Yuan, Y. Pan, J. Liang, G.M. Zeng, et al., Doping of graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalytic: a review, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 217 (2017) 388.10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.06.003 ↗
8. Y.J. Zhang, A. Thomas, M. Antonietti, X.C. Wang, Activation of carbon nitride solids by protonation: morphology changes, enhanced conic conductivity, and photoconduction pxperiments, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 50.10.1021/ja808329f ↗
9. L. Li, P. Ye, C. Cao, Q. Jin, G.S. Xu, et al., Rapid microwave-assisted green production of a crystalline polyimide for enhanced visible-light-induced photocatalytic hydrogen production, J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 10205.10.1039/c5ta01078k ↗
10. Y.P. Yuan, S.W. Cao,Y. S. Liao, L.S. Yin, C. Xue, Red phosphor/g-C3N4 heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic activities for solar fuels production, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 141-142 (2013) 164.10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.04.006 ↗
11. C. Ye, J.X. Li, Z.J. Li, X.B. Li, X.B. Fan, et al., Enhanced driving force and charge separation efficiency of protonated g-C3N4 for photocatalytic O2 evolution, ACS Catal. 5 (2015) 6973.10.1021/acscatal.5b02185 ↗
12. J. Zhang, J. Sun, K. Maeda, K. Domen, P. Liu, et al., Sulfur-mediated synthesis of carbon nitride: band-gap engineering and improved functions for photocatalysis, Energ. Environ. Sci. 4 (2011) 675.10.1039/c0ee00418a ↗
13. W. Chen, T.Y. Liu, T. Huang, X.H. Liu, X.J. Yang, Novel mesoporous P-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets coupled with ZnIn2S4 nanosheets as efficient visible light driven heterostructures with remarkably enhanced photo-reduction activity, Nanoscale 8 (2016).10.1039/c5nr07695a ↗
14. C. Xu, Q. Han, Y. Zhao, L. Wang, Y. Li, et al., Sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride decorated with graphene quantum dots for an efficient metal-free electrocatalyst, J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 1841.10.1039/c4ta06149g ↗
15. Y.P. Yuan, L.W. Ruan, J. Barber, S.C.J. Loo, C. Xue, Hetero-nanostructured suspended photocatalysts for solar-to-fuel conversion, Energ. Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 3934.10.1039/c4ee02914c ↗
16. G. Shi, L. Yang, Z. Liu, X. Chen, J. Zhou, et al., Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO over copper decorated g-C3N4 nanosheets with enhanced yield and selectivity, Appl. Surf. Sci. 427 (2018) 1165.10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.08.148 ↗
17. S.Z. Hu, L. Ma, J.G You, F.Y. Li, Z.P. Fan, et al., A simple and efficient method to prepare phosphorus modified g-C3N4 visible light photocatalyst, RSC Adv. (2014) 21657.10.1039/c4ra02284j ↗
18. Y.P. Zhu, T.Z. Ren, Z.Y. Yuan, Mesoporous phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 nanostructured flowers with superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 7 (2015) 16850.10.1021/acsami.5b04947 ↗
19. J. Sun, J. Zhang, M. Zhang, M. Antonietti, X. Fu, et al., Bioinspired hollow semiconductor nanospheres as photosynthetic nanoparticles, Nat. Commun. 3 (2012) 1193.10.1038/ncomms2152 ↗
20. J. Zhang, M. Zhang, C. Yang, X. Wang, Nanospherical carbon nitride frameworks with sharp edges accelerating charge collection and separation at a soft photocatalytic interface, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 4121.10.1002/adma.201400573 ↗
21. E.Z. Lee, Y.S. Jun, W.H. Hong, A. Thomas, M.M. Jin, Cubic mesoporous graphitic carbon (IV) nitride: An all-in-one chemosensor for selective optical sensing of metal ions, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 (2010) 9706.10.1002/anie.201004975 ↗
22. J. Liu, J. Huang, H. Zhou, M. Antonietti, Uniform graphitic carbon nitride nanorod for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and sustained photoenzymatic catalysis, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 6 (2014) 8434.10.1021/am501319v ↗
23. M. Tahir, C. Cao, N. Mahmood, F.K. Butt, A. Mahmood, et al., Multifunctional g-C3N4 nanofibers: a template-free fabrication and enhanced optical, electrochemical and photocatalyst properties, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 6 (2014) 1258.10.1021/am405076b ↗
24. L. Luo, M. Zhang, P. Wang, Y.H. Wang, F. Wang, Nitrogen rich carbon nitride synthesized by copolymerization with enhanced visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, New J. Chem. 42 (2018) 1087.10.1039/c7nj03659k ↗
25. Y. Cui, Z. Ding, X. Fu, X. Wang, Construction of conjugated carbon nitride nanoarchitectures in solution at low temperatures for photoredox catalysis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 (2012) 11814.10.1002/anie.201206534 ↗
26. Y. Zhou, L. Zhang, W. Huang, Q. Kong, X. Fan, et al., N-doped graphitic carbon-incorporated g-C3N4 for remarkably enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light, Carbon 99 (2016) 111.10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.008 ↗
27. C. Lu, R. Chen, X. Wu, M. Fan, Y. Liu, et al., Boron doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic UO22+ reduction performance, Appl. Surf. Sci. 360 (2016) 1016.10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.112 ↗
28. Y. Li, S. Wu, L. Huang, J. Wang, H. Xu, et al., Synthesis of carbon-doped g-C3N4 composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, Mater. Lett. 137 (2014) 281.10.1016/j.matlet.2014.08.142 ↗
29. Y. Zhang, M. Antonietti, Photocurrent generation by polymeric carbon nitride solids: An initial step towards a novel photovoltaic system, Chem-Asian J. 5 (2010) 1307.10.1002/asia.200900685 ↗
30. X. Ma, Y. Lv, J. Xu, Y. Liu, R. Zhang, et al., A strategy of enhancing the photoactivity of g-C3N4 via doping of nonmetal elements: a first-principles study, J. Phys. Chem. C 116 (2012) 23485.10.1021/jp308334x ↗
31. Y. Zhou, L. Zhang, J. Liu, X. Fan, B. Wang, et al., Brand new P-doped g-C3N4: enhanced photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution and rhodamine B degradation under visible light, J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015) 3862.10.1039/c4ta05292g ↗
32. X.H. Li, J.S. Chen, X. Wang, J. Sun, M. Antonietti, Metal-free activation of dioxygen by graphene/g-C3N4 nanocomposites: functional dyads for selective oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 8074.10.1021/ja200997a ↗
33. H. Kim, S. Gim, T. H. Jeon, H. Kim, W. Choi, Distorted carbon nitride structure with substituted benzene moieties for enhanced visible light photocatalytic activities, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 9 (2017) 40360.10.1021/acsami.7b14191 ↗
34. B. Jurgens, E. Irran, J. Senker, P. Kroll, H. Muller, et al., Melem (2,5,8-triamino-tri-s-triazine), an important intermediate during condensation of melamine rings to graphitic carbon nitride: Synthesis, structure determination by X-ray powder diffractometry, solid-state NMR, and theoretical studies, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003).10.1021/ja0357689 ↗
35. Y.C. Deng, L. Tang, C.Y. Feng, G.M. Zeng, J.J. Wang, et al., Construction of plasmonic Ag and nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots codecorated ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity: full-spectrum response ability and mechanism insight, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 9 (2017).10.1021/acsami.7b14541.s001 ↗
36. S. Guo, Z. Deng, M.Li, B. Jiang, C. Tian, et al., Phosphorus-doped carbon nitride tubes with a layered micro-nanostructure for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.55 (2016) 1830.10.1002/anie.201508505 ↗
37. H. Gu, Y. Gu, Z. Li, Y. Ying, Y. Qian, Low-temperature route to nanoscale P3N5 hollow spheres, J. Mater. Res. 18 (2011) 2359.10.1557/jmr.2003.0330 ↗
38. J. Liu, T. Zhang, Z. Wang, G. Dawson, W. Chen, Simple pyrolysis of urea into graphitic carbon nitride with recyclable adsorption and photocatalytic activity, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 14398.10.1039/c1jm12620b ↗
39. L. Ge, C. Han, Synthesis of MWNTs/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts with efficient visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 117 (2012) 268.10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.01.021 ↗
40. G. Zhang, G. Li, Z.A. Lan, L. Lin, A. Savateev, et al., Optimizing optical absorption, exciton dissociation and charge transfer of a polymeric carbon nitride with ultrahigh solar hydrogen production activity, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (2017).10.1002/anie.201706870 ↗
41. R. Godin, Y. Wang, M.A. Zwijnenburg, J.W. Tang, J.R. Durrant, Time-resolved spectroscopic investigation of charge trapping in carbon nitrides photocatalysts for hydrogen generation, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (2017) 5216.10.1021/jacs.7b01547 ↗
42. G.H. Moon, M. Fujitsuka, S. Kim, T. Majima, X.C. Wang, et al., Eco-friendly photochemical production of H2O2 through O2 reduction over carbon nitride frameworks incorporated with multiple heteroelements, ACS Catal. 7 (2017) 2886.10.1021/acscatal.6b03334.s001 ↗
43. X. Zhao, H. Yang, P. Jing, W. Shi, G. Yang, et al., A metal-organic framework approach toward highly nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon as a metal-free photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution, Small 13 (2017) 1603279.10.1002/smll.201603279 ↗
44. Y. Wang, Y. Li, X. Bai, Q. Cai, C. Liu, et al., Facile synthesis of Y-doped graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced photocatalytic performance, Langmuir 84 (2016) 179.10.1016/j.catcom.2016.06.020 ↗