Synergistic effect of La and Co co-doping on room-temperature ferromagnetism enhancement of TiO2 nanoparticles

Abstract The synergistic influence of lanthanum and cobalt co-doping on room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) of TiO 2 system is investigated. A series of Ti 0.97−x Co 0.03 La x O 2 nanoparticles were prepared and their structures and properties were systematically studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, UV–vis spectrophotometer, Raman spectra and magnetic measurement techniques, respectively. Detailed experimental characterizations indicate that the as-prepared La and Co co-doped samples exhibit single anatase phase, and all the samples exhibit strong visible photoluminescence associated with oxygen vacancies and a clear ferromagnetic hysteresis loop, both of which were dramatically enhanced with La and Co co-doping, and the maximum saturation magnetization ( M s ) reaches 1.38 emu/g at the La content of 6 mol%. It is speculated that oxygen vacancies modulated by ionic La play an important role in the enhanced RTFM, which can be attributed to the bound magnetic polarons (BMPs) formed via ferromagnetic coupling between two neighboring Co 2+ ions mediated by oxygen vacancy ( F + center). Our results present an alternative method to obtain high performance RTFM.