Titanate nanotubes produced from microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis: Photocatalytic and structural properties

Abstract Titanate nanotubes were successfully synthesized using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method from commercial TiO 2 -anatase powder. Several samples were obtained at varying temperatures and time. Powder samples containing titanate nanotube (Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 ) single phase were obtained at 130 °C for 4 h and 150 °C for 2 h, demonstrating the kinetics dependence of reaction temperature. Through XRD analysis and electron diffraction pattern, the nanotube structures were found to be composed of a short range ordering, thus giving rise to a broad XRD peak profile. The higher time and temperature (150 °C for 4 h) led to the formation of more organized structures. The nanotubes UV–vis spectra showed a band gap of 3.90 eV and a shoulder on the curve which led to another band gap value 3.25 eV. The photoluminescence spectrum emission peak presented a significant decrease, indicating the reduction of surface or structural defects of titanate nanotubes due to longer hydrothermal treatment duration. All structural, electronics and morphologics transformation led to an improvement on photocatalytic activities for nanotubes, especially the sample obtained at 150 °C for 1 h that rate of decolorization is 0.01879 min −1 , 2.25 times faster than TiO 2 -anatase (starting phase).