Heterogeneous Behavior of Lithium Plating during Extreme Fast Charging

Broad use of global or spatially averaging measurements over a cell to characterize highly localized Li plating phenomena in lithium-ion batteries during fast charging has created a disconnect between measurements and the underlying causes. Consequently, the field is missing a clear path to implementing fast charging as well as to expand into extreme fast charging (XFC). Aiming to bridge these gaps, we present a detailed look into local detection of Li plating and the consequent cycle life implications for electrodes and cells under XFC by utilizing electrochemistry and high-energy X-ray diffraction. Significant heterogeneity in Li plating during XFC results in accelerated and non-uniform cycle life losses, in contrast to the prevailing acceptance that C rate is correlated to Li plating for XFC. This behavior is triggered by local electrode heterogeneity, which has yet to be identified and is not apparent in volume-averaged quantifications. A better understanding of these multiscale local electrode heterogeneities is crucial for identifying pathways to enable XFC.