journal article·2026-12Open access

Effect of sulfate-rich sewage sludge ash and superabsorbent polymer on the crack resistance and environmental impacts of self-leveling mortars

Qiannan Wang, Zhe Yu, Jiahui Zhang, Zhenan Bao, Haixia Wei, Cong Ding, Dong Cui, Mengya Li, Chunping Gu

Abstract

In order to promote the recycling of sulfate-rich sewage sludge ash (SR-SSA), it was tried to use SR-SSA in cement-based self-leveling mortars (CSLM) with superabsorbent polymer (SAP). The effects of SR-SSA and SAP on fluidity, compressive and flexural strength, drying shrinkage and cracking resistance of CSLM were studied. The environmental and economic analysis on CSLM with SR-SSA were also performed. The presence of SR-SSA and SAP lowed the fluidity, flexural and compressive strength of CSLM. When 10% SR-SSA and 0.04%SAP were added together, the fluidity of CSLM was still higher than 130 mm, but the 90d flexural and compressive strength were reduced by 15.5% and 16.4% respectively. When SR-SSA and SAP were added, the drying shrinkage of CSLM was lowered, and the cracking resistance of CSLM was improved. The addition of 10% SR-SSA and 0.04% SAP reduced the drying shrinkage of CSLM by 25.9%, postponed the initial cracking time by 102 mins, reduced the cracks number by 3, reduced the average crack area by 27.4% and the total crack area by 47.4%. SR-SSA and SAP showed a synergistic effect on drying shrinkage reduction and cracking resistance improvement of CSLM. More ettringite was formed in CSLM when SR-SSA and SAP were added together. The addition of SR-SSA lowered the environmental impacts and raw materials costs of CSLM. When 10% SR-SSA and 0.04% SAP were added, the global warming potential, acidification potential, and eutrophication potential were reduced by 7.53%, 2.96% and 3.30%, respectively, and the raw materials cost of CSLM was reduced by 15.5%. The results of this study can provide a new way for the sustainable utilization of SR-SSA in CSLM.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Concrete Properties and Behavior · Magnesium Oxide Properties and Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (75)

Show source-provided references
1. Effect of calcium sulfate type and dosage on properties of calcium aluminate cement-based self-leveling mortar10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.146 ↗
2. Influence of redispersible powder on properties of self-leveling mortar of ternary cementitious system10.3390/ma13245703 ↗
3. Experimental study of calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based self-leveling compound exposed to various temperatures and moisture conditions: hydration mechanism and mortar properties10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.012 ↗
4. Effect of superabsorbent polymers on the drying and autogenous shrinkage properties of self-leveling mortar10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.197 ↗
5. Effect of shrinkage reducing admixture on early expansion and strength evolution of calcium sulfoaluminate blended cement10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.06.002 ↗
6. Acceleration of OPC by CAC in binary and ternary systems: the role of pore solution chemistry10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.012 ↗
7. Effect of shrinkage reducing admixture on early expansion and strength evolution of calcium sulfoaluminate blended cement
8. Geotechnical properties of clayey soil improved by sewage sludge ash10.1080/10962247.2020.1862939 ↗
9. Influence of sewage sludge ash on clay properties10.3390/app16041727 ↗
10. Effects of sewage sludge ash and stone powder on the properties of a silt10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138586 ↗
11. High-solid anaerobic digestion of dewatered sewage sludge with dried powdered sludge as an additive10.1061/JHTRBP.HZENG-1497 ↗
12. Stabilized wastewater treatment plant washed mineral waste and sewage sludge ash mixtures and their potential use in construction10.3390/su18062851 ↗
13. Hydration mechanisms of sewage sludge ashes used as cement replacement10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106115 ↗
14. Effectiveness of sewage sludge ash combined with waste pozzolanic minerals in developing sustainable construction material: an alternative approach for waste management10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.059 ↗
15. Experimental analysis of strength and durability properties of cement binders and mortars with addition of microfine sewage sludge ash (SSA) particles10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.248 ↗
16. A comprehensive analysis on optimization of sewage sludge ash as a binding material for a sustainable construction practice: a state of the art review10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.479 ↗
17. Sewage sludge ash characteristics and potential for use in concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.122 ↗
18. Recycling incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) as a cementitious binder by lime activation10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118856 ↗
19. Performance and microstructure of sustainable cementitious materials mixed by municipal sewage sludge ash, slag, and fly ash10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.130028 ↗
20. Performance and microstructure of sintered sludge ash-modified cement paste
21. Physical, mechanical properties and durability of cement mortars containing fly ash from the sewage sludge incineration process10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131055 ↗
22. Greener cementitious composites incorporating sewage sludge ash as cement replacement: a review of progress, potentials, and future prospects10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133364 ↗
23. Effect of environmental conditions on the volume deformation of cement mortars with sewage sludge ash
24. Recycling use of sulfate-rich sewage sludge ash (SR-SSA) in cement-based materials: assessment on the basic properties, volume deformation and microstructure of SR-SSA blended cement pastes10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124511 ↗
25. Effects of sewage sludge ash produced at different calcining temperatures on pore structure and durability of cement mortars10.1007/s10163-021-01174-y ↗
26. Effect of sewage sludge ash on mechanical properties, drying shrinkage and high-temperature resistance of cement mortar
27. Recycling of incinerated sewage sludge ash and cathode ray tube funnel glass in cement mortars10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.116 ↗
28. Comparative studies on the effects of sewage sludge ash and fly ash on cement hydration and properties of cement mortars10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.003 ↗
29. Basic study of concrete made using ash derived from the incinerating sewage sludge10.1142/S0217979206040258 ↗
30. Combined use of sewage sludge ash and recycled glass cullet for the production of concrete blocks10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.140 ↗
31. Feasibility of recycling sewage sludge ash in ultra-high performance concrete: Volume deformation, microstructure and ecological evaluation10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125823 ↗
32. Recycling hazardous water treatment sludge in cement-based construction materials: mechanical properties, drying shrinkage, and nano-scale characteristics10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125832 ↗
33. The drying shrinkage and crack resistance of self-leveling cement mortars with sulfate-rich sewage sludge ash and superabsorbent polymers
34. SAP are a type of polymer material with a three-dimensional hydrophilic network structure. SAP can rapidly absorb and store large amount of water10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.03.020 ↗
35. Influence of superabsorbent polymers on the surrounding cement paste10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.12.004 ↗
36. Effect of internal curing with super absorbent polymers on the relative humidity of early-age concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.042 ↗
37. Effect of super absorbent polymer (SAP) on volume stability and application performance of cement mortar with accelerator
38. Crack resistance, permeability, and microstructural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete with SAP10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136479 ↗
39. The use of superabsorbent polymers to reduce cracking of bonded mortar overlays10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.03.009 ↗
40. The influence of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) on autogenous shrinkage in cement paste, mortar and concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122948 ↗
41. JC/T 985-2017, 2017, Cementitious self-levelling compound for floor, 2017.
42. GB/T 17671-2021, 2021, Test method of cement mortar strength (ISO method), 2021.
43. CCES 01-2018, 2018, Guide to Durability Design and Construction of Concrete Structures, 2018.
44. ISO 14040 and 14044:2006, 2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines, 2006.
45. GB 5085.3-2007, 2007, Identification standards for hazardous wastes Identification of extraction toxicity, 2007.
46. Sewage sludge ash-based mortar as construction material: mechanical studies, macrofouling, and marine toxicity10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153768 ↗
47. Using incinerated sewage sludge ash as a high-performance adsorbent for lead removal from aqueous solutions: performances and mechanisms10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.193 ↗
48. Comprehensive evaluation of the performance and benefits of SSA--GGBS geopolymer mortar10.3390/ma16114137 ↗
49. Mechanical and physical properties of cement blended with sewage sludge ash10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.019 ↗
50. Influence of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) type and particle size on the performance of surrounding cement-based materials10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121442 ↗
51. Cement-based materials modified with superabsorbent polymers: a review10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.139 ↗
52. A review of characterisation methods for superabsorbent polymer (SAP) samples to be used in cement-based construction materials: report of the RILEM TC 260-RSC10.1617/s11527-017-1060-4 ↗
53. Microstructural and micromechanical characteristics of ultra-high performance concrete with superabsorbent polymer (SAP)10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106560 ↗
54. Effects of superabsorbent polymer on shrinkage properties of ultra-high strength concrete under drying condition10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.237 ↗
55. Effects of superabsorbent polymer on interfacial transition zone and mechanical properties of ultra-high performance concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117142 ↗
56. Combined effect of shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) and superabsorbent polymers (SAP) on the autogenous shrinkage, hydration and properties of cementitious materials10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.206 ↗
57. Heating-induced transformations in calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H): in-situ investigations of composition, structure, and morphology10.1016/j.cemconres.2025.107819 ↗
58. Ultrahigh performance concrete-Properties, applications and perspectives10.1007/s11431-015-5769-4 ↗
59. Preparation of C-S-H gels by mechanochemistry and its influences on properties of super-retarded cement-based materials with sucrose10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105734 ↗
60. Measuring chemical shrinkage of ordinary Portland cement pastes with high water-to-cement ratios by adding cellulose nanofibrils10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103625 ↗
61. Importance of monovalent ions on water retention capacity of superabsorbent polymer in cement-based solutions10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.01.015 ↗
62. Effect of SAP on the properties and microstructure of cement-based materials in the low humidity environment
63. Investigations on water vapor adsorption--desorption of cementitious materials and its induced permeability under isothermal steady-state flow10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16442 ↗
64. Towards a deeper understanding of the impact of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) on early-age cement hydration10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138624 ↗
65. Shrinkage, mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of cement mortar containing internal curing materials with different absorption behaviors at low humidity10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135182 ↗
66. Effects of SAP characteristics on internal curing of UHPC matrix10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122530 ↗
67. Formation and expansion of ettringite crystals10.1016/0008-8846(94)90092-2 ↗
68. Chemical erosion resistance and sustainability of cement containing incinerated sludge ash10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139535 ↗
69. Analysis of the pore-forming mechanism of SAP and its influence mechanism on cement paste performance based on fluorescence impregnation method10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140804 ↗
70. Early-age shrinkage and hydration of concrete incorporating a mutually reinforcing systems of super absorbent polymers and MgO expansive agent under low humidity conditions10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135350 ↗
71. Life-cycle inventory analysis of concrete production: a critical review10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.03.005 ↗
72. Uncertainties in whole-building life cycle assessment: a systematic review
73. Coupling evaluation of carbon emissions and strength: early carbonation curing of cement mortar containing incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136278 ↗
74. Optimized treatment of recycled construction and demolition waste in developing sustainable ultra-high performance concrete10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.201 ↗
75. Solid waste management in China: policy and driving factors in 2004--201910.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105727 ↗