journal article·2025-07Open access

The influence of carbon nanotube and nano silica on mechanical and microstructural properties of engineered cementitious composites subjected to elevated temperatures

Hasan Haroglu, Metehan Bulut, Harun Tanyildizi

Abstract

This paper researched the influence of carbon nanotubes (C) and nano silica (S) on the elevated temperature performance of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). For this aim, these nanomaterials were employed at 0 %, 0.25 %, 0.50 %, and 0.75 % by weight of cementitious materials in ECC mixtures. The ECCs containing C and S, cube samples with dimensions of 50x50x50 mm, and prismatic samples with dimensions of 50x75x360 mm were cured in plastic bags at 23 ± 2 °C for 28 days. After this curing period, compressive strength, four-point flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) experiments were carried out on the samples exposed to room temperature (20 ± 2 °C) and temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C and 400 °C. It was also conducted through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses to examine the microstructural changes of the specimens subjected to elevated temperatures. It is seen that the nanomaterial inclusion in ECCs has a positive effect on the mechanical and microstructural properties of ECCs subjected to elevated temperatures. The compressive strength of the 0.75S-ECC −300 °C increased by 34.04 % compared to the reference specimen. In addition, the flexural strength of the 0.50C-ECC exposed to 100 °C increased by 9.72 % compared to the reference specimen.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Fire effects on concrete materials · Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Innovative concrete reinforcement materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (98)

Show source-provided references
1. Mechanical behavior of crushed waste glass as replacement of aggregates10.3390/ma15228093 ↗
2. The present state of the use of waste wood ash as an eco-efficient construction material: a review10.3390/ma15155349 ↗
3. Experimental investigation of the behaviour of spiral steel fibre reinforced concrete beams subjected to drop-weight impact loads10.1617/s11527-014-0502-5 ↗
4. De-icing salt scaling resistance of mechanically loaded engineered cementitious composites10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.001 ↗
5. A strain-hardening cementitious composites with the tensile capacity up to 810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.060 ↗
6. Water permeability of engineered cementitious composites10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.07.002 ↗
7. On engineered cementitious composites (ECC)10.3151/jact.1.215 ↗
8. Effect of polymer coatings on the permeability and chloride ion penetration resistances of nano-particles and fibers-modified cementitious composites10.3390/polym14163258 ↗
9. Mechanical properties of nano-SiO2 reinforced engineered cementitious composites after exposure to high temperatures10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129123 ↗
10. Mechanical and piezoelectric properties of ECC with CNT incorporated through fiber modification10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119717 ↗
11. Investigation of different permeability properties of self-healing cementitious composites under colloidal nano silica curing conditions10.1002/suco.202000468 ↗
12. Influence of nano alumina reinforced superabsorbent polymer on mechanical, durability, microstructural and rheological properties of cementitious materials
13. Nano-modification to improve the ductility of cementitious composites10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.026 ↗
14. Properties of nano-silica-modified self-compacting engineered cementitious composites10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.137 ↗
15. Performance enhancement of green high-ductility engineered cementitious composites by nano-silica incorporation10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122618 ↗
16. Effect of nanosilica and silica fume on the mechanical properties and microstructure of lightweight engineered cementitious composites10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123788 ↗
17. Effects of nano-SiO2 particles on the mechanical and microstructural properties of ultra-high performance cementitious composites10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.11.001 ↗
18. Mechanical and piezoelectric properties of ECC with CNT incorporated through fiber modification10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119717 ↗
19. Evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of engineered cementitious composites exposed to sulfate attack and freeze–thaw cycle10.1007/s42107-020-00322-3 ↗
20. Investigation on physicochemical and piezoresistive properties of smart MWCNT/cementitious composite exposed to elevated temperatures10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103675 ↗
21. Surface-treated carbon nanotubes in cement composites: Dispersion, mechanical properties and microstructure10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125262 ↗
22. Study on mechanism of thermal spalling in concrete exposed to elevated temperatures10.1617/s11527-010-9632-6 ↗
23. Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00384-7 ↗
24. Effect of sub-elevated temperature on mechanical properties of ECC with different fly ash contents
25. Evaluation of spent fuel pool temperature and water level during SBO10.1016/j.anucene.2017.06.006 ↗
26. A methodology for predicting temperature distribution inside concrete pavement under a pool fire10.1080/00102202.2019.1678594 ↗
27. Analysis of sunshine temperature field of steel box girder based on monitoring data
28. ISO 834, International Standard, Fire Resistance Test - Elements of Building Construction 834, 2012.
29. BS 476, British Standards Institution, Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures, 2009.
30. Effect of sub-elevated temperature on mechanical properties of ECC with different fly ash contents
31. Mechanical performance of ECC with high-volume fly ash after sub-elevated temperatures10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.002 ↗
32. Effect of elevated temperature on strain-hardening engineered cementitious composites10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.052 ↗
33. Impact of high temperature on the compressive strength of ECC
34. Effects of interface agent and cooling methods on the interfacial bonding performance of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) and existing concrete exposed to high temperature10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131054 ↗
35. Study on the bonding properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) and existing concrete exposed to high temperature10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.136 ↗
36. Mechanical and microstructural changes in reactive magnesium oxide cement-based concrete mixes subjected to high temperatures10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.103955 ↗
37. A multiscale investigation on the performance improvement of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites after exposure to high temperatures10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104657 ↗
38. An experimental investigation of the thermal spalling of polypropylene-fibered reactive powder concrete exposed to elevated temperatures10.1007/s11434-015-0939-0 ↗
39. ASTM C150/150M-20, ASTM Stand. B, Standard Specification for Portland Cement, 2020.
40. ASTM C618 · 2015
41. Bacteria-based crack healing of nanosilica and carbon nanotube modified engineered cementitious composites
42. The effect of different water/binder ratio and nano-silica dosage on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.045 ↗
43. Effect of mixing methods on the electrical properties of cementitious composites incorporating different carbon-based materials10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.072 ↗
44. The effect of carbon nanotube on self-healing properties of engineered cementitious composites subjected to high temperatures
45. ASTM C39, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, 2003.
46. ASTM C597, Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete, 2016.
47. Fabrication and characterization of an engineered cementitious composite with enhanced fire resistance performance10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.241 ↗
48. Fire resistance of strain hardening cementitious composite with hybrid PVA and steel fibers10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.204 ↗
49. Comparison of the properties between high-volume fly ash concrete and high-volume steel slag concrete under temperature matching curing condition10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.134 ↗
50. Mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites subjected to elevated temperatures10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001241 ↗
51. Effect of fly ash and pva fiber on microstructural damage and residual properties of engineered cementitious composites exposed to high temperatures10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000335 ↗
52. Using nano-silica to improve mechanical and fracture properties of fiber-reinforced high-volume fly ash cement mortar10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117853 ↗
53. Effects of high temperature on mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol engineered cementitious composites (PVA-ECC)10.1007/s40999-017-0245-0 ↗
54. Fire resistance and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes – clay bricks wastes (Homra) composites cement10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.074 ↗
55. Optimum carbon nanotubes’ content for improving flexural and compressive strength of cement paste10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.020 ↗
56. Hybrid effect of carbon nanotube and nano-clay on physico-mechanical properties of cement mortar10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.046 ↗
57. Effect of elevated temperature and cooling regimes on the compressive strength, microstructure and radiation attenuation of fly ash–cement composites modified with miscellaneous nanoparticles10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119648 ↗
58. Physico-mechanical, microstructure characteristics and fire resistance of cement pastes containing Al 2 O 3 nano-particles10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.036 ↗
59. Properties of concrete incorporating nano-silica10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.044 ↗
60. The effect of different water/binder ratio and nano-silica dosage on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.045 ↗
61. The influence of high temperature on microstructural damage and residual properties of nano-silica-modified (NS-modified) self-consolidating engineering cementitious composites (SC-ECC) using response surface methodology (RSM)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.114 ↗
62. An investigation on HVS paste modified with nano-SiO2 imperiled to elevated temperatures10.1007/s13369-017-2985-1 ↗
63. Thermal and mechanical properties of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites after exposure to high temperatures10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.125 ↗
64. Effect of carbon nanotubes on properties of cement mortars10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.019 ↗
65. The effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the rheological properties and hydration process of cement pastes10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.082 ↗
66. Mechanical properties of concrete at high temperature—a review10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.131 ↗
67. Influence of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of blended cement concretes prepared with limestone and siliceous aggregates10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.013 ↗
68. Effect of macro-, micro- and nano-calcium carbonate on properties of cementitious composites—a review10.3390/ma12050781 ↗
69. Behaviour of recycled tyre polymer fibre reinforced concrete at elevated temperatures10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104257 ↗
70. Investigation of strength and hydration characteristics in nano-silica incorporated cement paste10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.011 ↗
71. Experimental investigation on the performance of ground granulated blast furnace slag and nano-silica blended concrete exposed to elevated temperature10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132088 ↗
72. Properties of red sandstone-limestone-cement ternary composites: Hydration mechanism, microstructure, and high-temperature damage
73. Effects of elevated temperature on the tensile properties of NS-modified self-consolidating engineered cementitious composites and property optimization using response surface methodology (RSM)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.033 ↗
74. High-temperature resistance of cement composites with randomly distributed aluminium silicate fibers10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105339 ↗
75. Study of C-S-H dehydration due to temperature increase during fires10.1002/jrs.5977 ↗
76. Multi-scale quantitative study on dielectric properties of C–S–H synthesized by different molar ratio of Ca/Si10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129599 ↗
77. Thermal stability of C-S-H phases and applicability of Richardson and Groves’ and Richardson C-(A)-S-H(I) models to synthetic C-S-H10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.12.005 ↗
78. Nano-tailored multi-functional cementitious composites10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107670 ↗
79. Reduction of the calcium leaching rate of cement paste by addition of silica nanoparticles10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.021 ↗
80. Strength and mass loss evaluation of HSC with silica fume and nano-silica exposed to elevated temperatures10.1007/s13369-021-06006-7 ↗
81. Clinkerless ultra-high strength concrete based on alkali-activated slag at high temperatures10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106465 ↗
82. Effects of curing conditions on the mechanical and microstructural properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) incorporating iron tailing powder10.3390/ma14010215 ↗
83. Thermal stability of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) at moderate temperatures 100–400 °C10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104832 ↗
84. Carbonation of Portland cement studied by diffuse reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy10.1007/s40069-013-0039-y ↗
85. The experimental investigation of concrete carbonation depth10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.025 ↗
86. Performance recovery of high-temperature damaged ultra-high-performance concrete under different curing environments
87. The role of calcium aluminate cement in developing an efficient ultra-high performance concrete resistant to explosive spalling under high temperatures10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131469 ↗
88. Performance of blended ash geopolymer concrete at elevated temperatures10.1617/s11527-014-0251-5 ↗
89. Mechanical properties, permeability and microstructural characterisation of rice husk ash sustainable concrete with the addition of carbon nanotubes
90. Hybrid portland cement-slag-based geopolymer mortar: Strength, microstructural and environmental assessment10.1016/j.psep.2025.106771 ↗
91. Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103766 ↗
92. Environmental assessment of different cement manufacturing processes based on emergy and ecological footprint analysis10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.087 ↗
93. Development of reactive MgO-based engineered cementitious composite (ECC) through accelerated carbonation curing10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.196 ↗
94. Discontinuous micro-fibers as intrinsic reinforcement for ductile engineered cementitious composites (ECC)10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107741 ↗
95. Investigation of strength and water permeability of sustainable high-performance concrete containing high-volume ground bottom ash blended with fly ash and nano-silica
96. Influence of nano materials on the macro and micro structural behaviour of high performance concrete using interfacial transition zone approach10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132465 ↗
97. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of long and pure carbon nanotubes synthesized via on-substrate and fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b04542 ↗
98. Durability and environmental evaluation of rice husk ash sustainable concrete containing carbon nanotubes10.1038/s41598-025-88927-z ↗