Static elastic modulus prediction at early ages using a modified resonant test for concrete cylinders using mems microphones

Concrete Young’s modulus is seldom verified on-site due to the time-consuming and costly nature of current testing standards. This article proposes a new, quick and affordable testing methodology to estimate the ultimate static elastic modulus of normal strength concrete cylinders on-site at early ages using a smartphone. Impact-resonance tests were performed on several concrete cylinders from different mixtures at different ages, using an accelerometer and a smartphone microphone to measure the cylinders' flexural and longitudinal resonant frequencies. Measurements from both sensors were compared to show the validity of estimating the dynamic elastic modulus using acoustic signals from the cylinders recorded with a smartphone's built-in microphone. The cylinders' static and dynamic elastic moduli were determined, and the change in elastic modulus over time as the cylinders aged was also examined. This study shows the advantages of microphones over accelerometers, being less susceptible to measurement errors and proposes a filter algorithm to extract the resonant frequencies from environmental noise. A forecasting methodology to estimate static elastic modulus based on early dynamic impact-resonant tests can help engineers make early decisions on their supplied concrete on-site.