Experimental and numerical evaluation of sustainable application of steel slag as an alternative to gravel in compaction piles

The study investigates the application of steel slag as an innovative material for compaction piles in the stabilization of soft soils, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional gravel compaction piles (GCPs). Through a comprehensive series of laboratory tests, field experiments, and numerical simulations, this study evaluated the performance, environmental impact, and long-term behavior of steel slag compaction piles (SSCPs). The key findings revealed that steel slag not only provides immediate soil improvement comparable to gravel but also exhibits significant time-dependent increases in strength and stiffness. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) N -ratios ( N 1 / N 0 , where N 1 = N value after improvement and N 0 = N value before improvement) were similar for soils reinforced with SSCPs and GCPs after 0 months, but were about 30 % higher in SSCP-reinforced soils after 3 months. This increase was attributed to the cementation of steel slags, suggesting that the compaction pile with increased stiffness due to cementation acts as a compaction pile with an increased area replacement ratio ( α ). Environmental assessments confirmed that steel slag meets regulatory standards for soil contamination, positioning it as a sustainable option. Settlement analysis after embankment construction showed reduced and more uniform settlements with SSCPs, suggesting superior load distribution capabilities. Finite element analysis compared the behavior of SSCP-reinforced soils at varying α and stiffness of compaction piles, confirming that the cementation of steel slag produces an effect equivalent to increasing α in uncemented piles, thus enhancing the reinforcement effect.