Carbon dots decorated graphitic carbon nitride as a practical and flexible metal-free nanosensor for breath humidity monitoring
Source abstract
Abstract
Development of carbon-based biocompatible and flexible nanosensors is essential in different practical applications. Humidity sensor is crucial in different fields among them. Herein, a unique metal-free nanosensor comprised of 2D-graphitic carbon nitride (CN) decorated with 0D-carbon dots (C-dots) was fabricated to monitor humidity in human breath. Simple polymerization and carbonization techniques were used to synthesize nitrogen enriched heterostructure (CN@C-dots). The synthesized heterostructure showed excellent physicochemical properties including high surface area, hydrophilic functionalities and more active sites that were responsible for enhanced humidity sensing. The fabricated nanosensor indicated excellent resistivity against humidity due to diffused proton hoping through inhibition of ion transfer from multiple water layers. The interaction mechanism was explained through simple hydrogen bonding and defective site chemisorbed oxygen participation in physisorbed humidity molecules. Graphical abstract
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors · Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies · Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (56)
Show source-provided references
1. Lee J, Mulmi S, Thangadurai V, Park SS (2015) Magnetically aligned iron oxide/gold nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotube hybrid structure as a humidity sensor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:15506–1551310.1021/acsami.5b03862 ↗
2. Bi H, Yin K, Xie X, Ji J, Wan S, Sun L, Terrones M, Dresselhaus MS (2013) Ultrahigh humidity sensitivity of graphene oxide. Sci Rep 3:271410.1038/srep02714 ↗
3. Zhang D, Cao Y, Li P, Wu J, Zong X (2018) Humidity-sensing performance of layer-by-layer self-assembled tungsten disulfide/tin dioxide nanocomposite. Sens Actuators, B Chem 265:529–53810.1016/j.snb.2018.03.043 ↗
4. Kano S, Kim K, Fujii M (2017) Fast-response and flexible nanocrystal-based humidity sensor for monitoring human respiration and water evaporation on skin. ACS Sens 2:828–83310.1021/acssensors.7b00199 ↗
5. Li N, Jiang Y, Zhou C, Xiao Y, Meng B, Wang Z, Huang D, Xing C, Peng Z (2019) High-performance humidity sensor based on urchin-like composite of Ti3C2 MXene-derived TiO2 nanowires. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:38116–3812510.1021/acsami.9b12168 ↗
6. Yu S, Chen C, Zhang H, Zhang J, Liu J (2021) Design of high sensitivity graphite carbon nitride/zinc oxide humidity sensor for breath detection. Sens. Actuators, B Chem 332:129536.10.1016/j.snb.2021.129536 ↗
7. Le X, Liu Y, Peng L, Pang J, Xu Z, Gao C, Xie J (2019) Surface acoustic wave humidity sensors based on uniform and thickness controllable graphene oxide thin films formed by surface tension. Microsystems Nanoeng 5:3610.1038/s41378-019-0075-0 ↗
8. Su D, Qiao X, Rong Q, Sun H, Zhang J, Bai Z, Du Y, Feng D, Wang Y, Hu M, Feng Z (2013) A fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer based on a PVA coating for humidity measurement. Opt Commun 311:107–11010.1016/j.optcom.2013.08.016 ↗
9. Chen W, Wang Z, Gu S, Wang J, Wang Y, Wei Z (2020) Hydrophobic amino-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite for aldehydes detection in fish fillets. Sens. Actuators, B Chem 306:127579.10.1016/j.snb.2019.127579 ↗
10. Buvailo AI, Xing Y, Hines J, Dollahon N, Borguet E (2011) TiO2/LiCl-based nanostructured thin film for humidity sensor applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3:528–53310.1021/am1011035 ↗
11. Thiyagarajan K, Rajini GK, Maji D (2021) Flexible, highly sensitive paper-based screen printed MWCNT/PDMS composite breath sensor for human respiration monitoring. IEEE Sens 21:13985–1399510.1109/JSEN.2020.3040995 ↗
12. Bhattacharjee M, Nemade HB, Bandyopadhyay D (2017) Nano-enabled paper humidity sensor for mobile based point-of-care lung function monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 94:544–55110.1016/j.bios.2017.03.049 ↗
13. Sun C, Karthik KRG, Pramana SS, Wong LH, Zhang YH, Sow CH, Mathews N, Mhaisalkar SG (2014) The role of tin oxide surface defects in determining nanonet FET response to humidity and photoexcitation. J Mater Chem C 2:940–94510.1039/C3TC31713G ↗
14. Xia L, Li L, Li W, Kou T, Liu D (2013) Novel optical fiber humidity sensor based on a no-core fiber structure. Sens Actuators, A Phys 190:1–510.1016/j.sna.2012.10.041 ↗
15. Tannarana M, Pataniya PM, Bhakhar SA, Solanki GK, Valand J, Narayan S, Patel KD, Jha PK, Pathak VM (2020) Humidity sensor based on two-dimensional SnSe2/MWCNT nanohybrids for the online monitoring of human respiration and a touchless positioning interface. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:12595–1260210.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04027 ↗
16. Kim HS, Kim JH, Park SY, Kang J. H, Kim S. J, Choi Y. B, Shin U. S (2019) Carbon nanotubes immobilized on gold electrode as an electrochemical humidity sensor. Sens. Actuators, B Chem 300:127049.10.1016/j.snb.2019.127049 ↗
17. Kim HS, Kang JH, Hwang JY, Shin US (2022) Wearable CNTs-based humidity sensors with high sensitivity and flexibility for real-time multiple respiratory monitoring. Nano Converg 9:3510.1186/s40580-022-00326-6 ↗
18. Niu L, Hong S, Wang MH (2021) Properties of ZnO with oxygen vacancies and its application in humidity sensor. J Electron Mater 50:4480–448710.1007/s11664-021-08966-w ↗
19. Xia C, Joo SW, Hojjati-Najafabadi A, Xie H, Wu Y, Mashifana T, Vasseghian Y (2023) Latest advances in layered covalent organic frameworks for water and wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 329:13858010.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138580 ↗
20. Hojjati-Najafabadi A, Nasr Esfahani P, Davar F, Aminabhavi T, Vasseghian Y (2023) Adsorptive removal of malachite green using novel GO@ZnO-NiFe2O4-αAl2O3 nanocomposites. J Chem Eng 471:14448510.1016/j.cej.2023.144485 ↗
21. Hojjati-Najafabadi A, Aygun A, Tiri RNE, Gulbagca F, Lounissaa MI, Feng P, Karimi F, Sen F (2023) Bacillus thuringiensis based ruthenium/nickel Co-doped zinc as a green nanocatalyst: enhanced photocatalytic activity, mechanism, and efficient H2 production from sodium borohydride methanolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 62:4655–466410.1021/acs.iecr.2c03833 ↗
22. Baladi E, Davar F, Hojjati-Najafabadi A (2022) Synthesis and characterization of g–C3N4–CoFe2O4–ZnO magnetic nanocomposites for enhancing photocatalytic activity with visible light for degradation of penicillin G antibiotic. Environ Res 215:11427010.1016/j.envres.2022.114270 ↗
23. Mauter MS, Elimelech M (2008) Environmental applications of carbon-based nanomaterials: critical review. Environ Sci Technol 42:5843–585910.1021/es8006904 ↗
24. Cha C, Shin SR, Annabi N, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A (2013) Carbon-based nanomaterials: multifunctional materials for biomedical engineering. ACS Nano 7:2891–289710.1021/nn401196a ↗
25. Yang Q, Cai XH, Pang Y, Wang M (2020) The effects of strain and charge doping on the electronic properties of graphitic C3N5. Int J Quantum Chem 120:e2637810.1002/qua.26378 ↗
26. Li M, Lu Q, Liu M, Liu P, Yin C, Wu H, Li Y, Zhang S, Yao, (2020) Photoinduced charge separation via the double-electron transfer mechanism in nitrogen vacancies g-C3N5/BiOBr for the photoelectrochemical nitrogen reduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12:38266–3827410.1021/acsami.0c11894 ↗
27. Wang H, Li M, Lu Q, Cen Y, Zhang Y, Yao S (2019) A mesoporous rod-like g-C3N5 synthesized by salt-guided strategy: as a superior photocatalyst for degradation of organic pollutant. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:625–63110.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04182 ↗
28. Hu C, Lin YH, Yoshida M, Ashimura S (2021) Influence of phosphorus doping on triazole-based g-C3N5 nanosheets for enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:24907–2491510.1021/acsami.1c05162 ↗
29. Rajendran S, UshaVipinachandran V, Badagoppam Haroon KH, Ashokan I, Bhunia SK (2022) A comprehensive review on multi-colored emissive carbon dots as fluorescent probes for the detection of pharmaceutical drugs in water. Anal Methods 63:4263–429110.1039/D2AY01288J ↗
30. Zhang H, Zhao L, Geng F, Guo LH, Wan B, Yang Y (2016) Carbon dots decorated graphitic carbon nitride as an efficient metal-free photocatalyst for phenol degradation. Appl Catal B Environ 180:656–66210.1016/j.apcatb.2015.06.056 ↗
31. Dadigala R, Bandi RK, Gangapuram BR, Guttena V (2017) Carbon dots and Ag nanoparticles decorated g-C3N4 nanosheets for enhanced organic pollutants degradation under sunlight irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 342:42–5210.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.03.032 ↗
32. Montes-García V, Samorì P (2023) Humidity Sensing with Supramolecular Nanostructures. Adv. Mater 220876610.1002/adma.202208766 ↗
33. Li G, Huang J, Wang N, Huang J, Zheng Y, Zhan G, Li Q (2021) Carbon quantum dots functionalized g-C3N4 nanosheets as enhanced visible-light photocatalysts for water splitting. Diam Relat Mater 116:10824210.1016/j.diamond.2021.108242 ↗
34. Chen Y, Bai X (2020) A review on quantum dots modified g-C3N4-based photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic activity. Catalysts 10:14210.3390/catal10010142 ↗
35. Wang C, Huang R, Sun R, Yang J, Dionysiou DD (2022) Microplastics separation and subsequent carbonization: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of iron/carbon nanocomposite. J Clean Prod 330:12990110.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129901 ↗
36. Chellapandi T, Madhumitha G, Roopan SM, Manjupriya R, Arunachalapandi M, Pouthika K, Elamathi M (2023) Facile synthesis route for visible active g-C3N5/MK30 nanocomposite and its computationally guided photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Sep Purif Technol 307:12286510.1016/j.seppur.2022.122865 ↗
37. Lingegowda DC, Kumar JK, Prasad AGD, Prasad GD, Zarei M, Gopal S (2013) FTIR spectroscopic studies on cleome gynandra—comparative analysis of functional group before and after extraction. Rom J Biophys 22:137–143
38. Kumar A, Paul B, Boukherroub R, Jain SL (2020) Highly efficient conversion of the nitroarenes to amines at the interface of a ternary hybrid containing silver nanoparticles doped reduced graphene oxide/ graphitic carbon nitride under visible light. J Hazard Mater 387:12170010.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121700 ↗
39. Li H, Kong W, Liu J, Liu N, Huang H, Liu Y, Kang Z (2015) Fluorescent N-doped carbon dots for both cellular imaging and highly-sensitive catechol detection. Carbon 91:66–7510.1016/j.carbon.2015.04.032 ↗
40. Li W, Zhou L, Xie L, Kang K, Xu J, Chai X (2022) N-Fe-Gd co-doped TiO2/g-C3N4 nanosheet hybrid composites with superior photocatalytic dye degradation. Adv Compos Mater 5:481–49010.1007/s42114-021-00326-w ↗
41. Nazir R, Fageria P, Basu M, Gangopadhyay S, Pande S (2017) Decoration of Pd and Pt nanoparticles on a carbon nitride (C3N4) surface for nitro-compounds reduction and hydrogen evolution reaction. New J Chem 41:9658–966710.1039/C7NJ01221G ↗
42. Yuan A, Lei H, Xi F, Liu J, Qin L, Chen Z, Dong X (2019) Graphene quantum dots decorated graphitic carbon nitride nanorods for photocatalytic removal of antibiotics. J Colloid Interface Sci 548:56–6510.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.027 ↗
43. Huang R, Yang J, Cao Y, Dionysiou DD, Wang C (2022) Peroxymonosulfate catalytic degradation of persistent organic pollutants by engineered catalyst of self-doped iron / carbon nanocomposite derived from waste toner powder. Sep Purif Technol 291:12096310.1016/j.seppur.2022.120963 ↗
44. Rajendran S, Ramanaiah DV, Kundu S, Bhunia SK (2021) Yellow fluorescent carbon dots for selective recognition of As3+ and Fe3+ ions. ACS Appl Nano Mater 4:10931–1094210.1021/acsanm.1c02391 ↗
45. Ma TY, Tang Y, Dai S, Qiao SZ (2014) Proton-functionalized two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet: an excellent metal-label-free biosensing platform. Small 10:2382–238910.1002/smll.201303827 ↗
46. Kalaiyarasan G, Joseph J (2017) Determination of vitamin B12 via pH-dependent quenching of the fluorescence of nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots. Microchim Acta 184:3883–389110.1007/s00604-017-2421-y ↗
47. Vadivel S, Hariganesh S, Paul B, Rajendran S, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Maruthamani D, Kumaravel M (2020) Synthesis of novel AgCl loaded g-C3N5 with ultrahigh activity as visible light photocatalyst for pollutants degradation. Chem Phys Lett 738:13686210.1016/j.cplett.2019.136862 ↗
48. Li Q, Wang S, Sun Z, Tang Q, Liu Y, Wang L, Wang H, Wu Z (2019) Enhanced CH4 selectivity in CO2 photocatalytic reduction over carbon quantum dots decorated and oxygen doping g-C3N4. Nano Res 12:2749–275910.1007/s12274-019-2509-2 ↗
49. He Z, Li Y, Liu G, Wang C, Chang S, Hu J, Zhang X, Vasseghian Y (2023) Fabrication of a novel hollow wood fiber membrane decorated with halloysite and metal-organic frameworks nanoparticles for sustainable water treatment. Ind Crops Prod 202:11708210.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117082 ↗
50. Zhang SL, Choi HH, Yue HY, Yang WC (2014) Controlled exfoliation of molybdenum disulfide for developing thin film humidity sensor. Curr Appl Phys 14:264–26810.1016/j.cap.2013.11.031 ↗
51. Shelke NT, Late DJ (2019) Hydrothermal growth of MoSe2 nanoflowers for photo- and humidity sensor applications. Sens Actuators A 295:160–16810.1016/j.sna.2019.05.045 ↗
52. Feng J, Peng L, Wu C, Sun X, Hu S, Lin C, Dai J, Yang J, Xie Y (2012) Giant moisture responsiveness of VS2 ultrathin nanosheets for novel touchless positioning interface. Adv Mater 24:1969–197410.1002/adma.201104681 ↗
53. Malik R, Tomer VK, Chaudhary V, Dahiya MS, Sharma A, Nehra SP, Duhan S, Kailasam K (2017) An excellent humidity sensor based on In-SnO2 loaded mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride. J Mater Chem A 5:14134–1414310.1039/C7TA02860A ↗
54. Ku C, Chung C (2023) Advances in humidity nanosensors and their application : review. Sensors 4:232810.3390/s23042328 ↗
55. Sun N, Ye Z, Kuang X, Liu W, Li G, Bai W, Tang X (2019) High sensitivity capacitive humidity sensors based on Zn1−xNixO nanostructures and plausible sensing mechanism. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 30:1724–173810.1007/s10854-018-0445-7 ↗
56. Chen Z, Lu C (2005) Humidity sensors: A review of materials and mechanisms. Sens Lett 3:274–29510.1166/sl.2005.045 ↗