Graphene oxide: Fe2O3 nanocomposite: synthesis, properties, and applications
Source abstract
Abstract
Graphene oxide/Iron III oxide (GO: Fe2O3) nanocomposites (NCs) have been topical in recent times owing to the enhanced properties they exhibit. GO acting as a graphene derivative has demonstrated superior features as obtainable in a graphene sheet. Furthermore, the attachment of oxygen functional groups at its basal and edge planes of graphene has allowed for easy metal/oxide functionalization for improved properties harvesting. Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) on the other hand have polymorphic property enabling the degeneracy of Fe2O3 in different phases, thereby resulting in different physical and crystalline properties when used to functionalize GO. The properties of GO: Fe2O3 have been applied to supercapacitor energy harvesting, Li-ion batteries, and biomedicine. The enhanced properties are attributed to the adsorption and electronic structure properties of Fe atoms. In this review, the various synthesis used in the preparation of reduced/graphene oxide: Fe2O3 is discussed. As indicated in the considered literature, the XPS analysis suggests electronic bond interactions between C–C, C–O, C–Fe and Fe–C. The available report on UPS measurements further suggests the formation of mixed states emanating from (pi) and (sigma) bonds. The discussed reports further suggest that the various applications based on the harvesting of electronic, electrical, and magnetic properties are due to the ionic and exchange interactions between the different orbital states of carbon, oxygen and iron. The challenges and future prospects of the synthesis and application of GO/Fe2O3 are examined. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract showing the process of exfoliation, reduction and functionalization of graphite to produce reduced graphene oxide (rGO).
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Graphene research and applications · Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication · Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306:666–66910.1126/science.1102896 ↗
2. Meng F, Wang H, Huang F, Guo Y, Wang Z, Hui D, Zhou Z (2018) Graphene-based microwave absorbing composites: a review and prospective. Compos B Eng 137:260–27710.1016/j.compositesb.2017.11.023 ↗
3. Dreyer DR, Park S, Bielawski CW, Ruoff RS (2010) The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem Soc Rev 39:228–24010.1039/B917103G ↗
4. Idisi DO, Benecha EM, Moloi SJ, Ray SC (2022) Effects of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) on the electrical properties of reduced graphene oxide: an experimental and DFT study. J Mater Res 37:1037–104610.1557/s43578-022-00514-4 ↗
5. Wu T, Moghadam F, Li K (2022) High-performance porous graphene oxide hollow fiber membranes with tailored pore sizes for water purification. J Membr Sci 645:12021610.1016/j.memsci.2021.120216 ↗
6. Menzel R, Iruretagoyena D, Wang Y, Bawaked SM, Mokhtar M, Al-Thabaiti SA, Basahel SN, Shaffer MSP (2016) Graphene oxide/mixed metal oxide hybrid materials for enhanced adsorption desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Fuel 181:531–53610.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.125 ↗
7. Tuček J, Machala L, Ono S, Namai A, Yoshikiyo M, Imoto K, Tokoro H, Ohkoshi S, Zbořil R (2015) Zeta-Fe 2 O 3—a new stable polymorph in iron (III) oxide family. Sci Rep 5:1–1110.1038/srep15091 ↗
8. Sengupta J (2010) Different synthesis routes of graphene-based metal nanocomposites. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 1:37–5810.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100856 ↗
9. Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk JW, Potts JR, Ruoff RS (2010) Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Mater 22:3906–392410.1002/adma.201001068 ↗
10. Smith AT, LaChance AM, Zeng S, Liu B, Sun L (2019) Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and their nanocomposites. Nano Mater Sci 1:31–4710.1016/j.nanoms.2019.02.004 ↗
11. Al-Hakkani MF, Gouda GA, Hassan SHA (2021) A review of green methods for phyto-fabrication of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles and their characterization, properties, and applications. Heliyon 7:e0580610.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05806 ↗
12. Kour S, Sharma RK, Jasrotia R, Singh VP (2019) A brief review on the synthesis of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) for medical diagnostic and solar energy applications, in: AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC. p. 9000710.1063/1.5122451 ↗
13. Khalil AT, Ovais M, Ullah I, Ali M, Shinwari ZK, Maaza M (2017) Biosynthesis of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles via aqueous extracts of Sageretia thea (Osbeck.) and their pharmacognostic properties. Green Chem Lett Rev 10:186–20110.1080/17518253.2017.1339831 ↗
14. Hooshmand S, Hayat SMG, Ghorbani A, Khatami M, Pakravanan K, Darroudi M (2022) Preparation and applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in novel drug delivery systems: an overview article. Curr Med Chem. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986732766620012315200610.2174/0929867327666200123152006 ↗
15. Jabbar KQ, Barzinjy AA, Hamad SM (2022) Iron oxide nanoparticles: preparation methods, functions, adsorption and coagulation/flocculation in wastewater treatment. Environ Nanotechnol Monitor Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.10066110.1016/j.enmm.2022.100661 ↗
16. Khan M, Tahir MN, Adil SF, Khan HU, Siddiqui MRH, Al-warthan AA, Tremel W (2015) Graphene based metal and metal oxide nanocomposites: synthesis, properties and their applications. J Mater Chem A 3:18753–1880810.1039/C5TA02240A ↗
17. Lu W, Guo X, Yang B, Wang S, Liu Y, Yao H, Liu C, Pang H (2019) Synthesis and applications of graphene/iron (III) oxide composites. ChemElectroChem 6:4922–494810.1002/celc.201901006 ↗
18. Shahriary L, Athawale AA (2014) Graphene oxide synthesized by using modified hummers approach. Int J Renew Energy Environ Eng 2:58–63
19. Adetayo A, Runsewe D (2019) Synthesis and fabrication of graphene and graphene oxide: a review. Open J Compos Mater 9:20710.4236/ojcm.2019.92012 ↗
20. Chabot V, Higgins D, Yu A, Xiao X, Chen Z, Zhang J (2014) A review of graphene and graphene oxide sponge: material synthesis and applications to energy and the environment. Energy Environ Sci 7:1564–159610.1039/c3ee43385d ↗
21. Yu W, Sisi L, Haiyan Y, Jie L (2020) Progress in the functional modification of graphene/graphene oxide: a review. RSC Adv 10:15328–1534510.1039/D0RA01068E ↗
22. Gao W (2015) The chemistry of graphene oxide. Graphene oxide: reduction recipes, spectroscopy, and applications. Springer International Publishing, pp 61–9510.1007/978-3-319-15500-5_3 ↗
23. Pei S, Cheng H-M (2012) The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 50:3210–322810.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.010 ↗
24. Wei Z, Wang D, Kim S, Kim S-Y, Hu Y, Yakes MK, Laracuente AR, Dai Z, Marder SR, Berger C (2010) Nanoscale tunable reduction of graphene oxide for graphene electronics. Science 328:1373–137610.1126/science.1188119 ↗
25. Gan YX, Jayatissa AH, Yu Z, Chen X, Li M (2020) Hydrothermal synthesis of nanomaterials. J Nanomater. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/891701310.1155/2020/8917013 ↗
26. Xu Y, Yang S, Zhang G, Sun Y, Gao D, Sun Y (2011) Uniform hematite α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles: Morphology, size-controlled hydrothermal synthesis and formation mechanism. Mater Lett 65:1911–191410.1016/j.matlet.2011.03.085 ↗
27. Kafle BP (2020) Chapter 6—introduction to nanomaterials and application of UV–Visible spectroscopy for their characterization, in Chemical analysis and material characterization by spectrophotometry, pp 147–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814866-2.00006-310.1016/B978-0-12-814866-2.00006-3 ↗
28. Shen J, Shi M, Ma H, Yan B, Li N, Ye M (2011) Hydrothermal synthesis of magnetic reduced graphene oxide sheets. Mater Res Bull 46:2077–208310.1016/j.materresbull.2011.06.042 ↗
29. Joshi MK, Pant HR, Kim HJ, Kim JH, Kim CS (2014) One-pot synthesis of Ag-iron oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite via hydrothermal treatment. Colloids Surf A 446:102–10810.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.01.058 ↗
30. Long Z, Zhan Y, Li F, Wan X, He Y, Hou C, Hu H (2017) Hydrothermal synthesis of graphene oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotube/Fe 3 O 4 ternary nanocomposite for removal of Cu (II) and methylene blue. J Nanopart Res 19:1–1610.1007/s11051-017-4014-4 ↗
31. Wang Z, Ma C, Wang H, Liu Z, Hao Z (2013) Facilely synthesized Fe2O3–graphene nanocomposite as novel electrode materials for supercapacitors with high performance. J Alloy Compd 552:486–49110.1016/j.jallcom.2012.11.071 ↗
32. Xiao W, Wang Z, Guo H, Li X, Wang J, Huang S, Gan L (2013) Fe2O3 particles enwrapped by graphene with excellent cyclability and rate capability as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Appl Surf Sci 266:148–15410.1016/j.apsusc.2012.11.118 ↗
33. Zhang H, Yu L, Li Q, Du Y, Ruan S (2017) Reduced graphene oxide/α-Fe2O3 hybrid nanocomposites for room temperature NO2 sensing. Sens Actuators B Chem 241:109–11510.1016/j.snb.2016.10.059 ↗
34. Shi SQ, Che W, Liang K, Xia C, Zhang D (2015) Phase transitions of carbon-encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles during the carbonization of cellulose at various pyrolysis temperatures. J Anal Appl Pyrol 115:1–610.1016/j.jaap.2015.05.010 ↗
35. Soomro SA, Gul IH, Naseer H, Marwat S, Mujahid M (2019) Improved performance of CuFe2O4/rGO nanohybrid as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries prepared via facile one-step method. Curr Nanosci 15:420–42910.2174/1573413714666181115122016 ↗
36. Qu J, Yin Y-X, Wang Y-Q, Yan Y, Guo Y-G, Song W-G (2013) Layer structured α-Fe2O3 nanodisk/reduced graphene oxide composites as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:3932–393610.1021/am400670d ↗
37. Asim N, Ahmadi S, Alghoul MA, Hammadi FY, Saeedfar K, Sopian K (2014) Research and development aspects on chemical preparation techniques of photoanodes for dye sensitized solar cells. Int J Photoenergy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/51815610.1155/2014/518156 ↗
38. Gawande MB, Shelke SN, Zboril R, Varma RS (2014) Microwave-assisted chemistry: synthetic applications for rapid assembly of nanomaterials and organics. Acc Chem Res 47:1338–134810.1021/ar400309b ↗
39. Stock N, Biswas S (2012) Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): routes to various MOF topologies, morphologies, and composites. Chem Rev 112:933–96910.1021/cr200304e ↗
40. Morsali A, Hashemi L (2020) Nanoscale coordination polymers: preparation, function and application. Adv Inorg Chem 76:33–7210.1016/bs.adioch.2020.03.007 ↗
41. Yamamoto T, Yin H, Wada Y, Kitamura T, Sakata T, Mori H, Yanagida S (2004) Morphology-control in microwave-assisted synthesis of silver particles in aqueous solutions. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 77:757–76110.1246/bcsj.77.757 ↗
42. Pascu O, Carenza E, Gich M, Estradé S, Peiró F, Herranz G, Roig A (2012) Surface reactivity of iron oxide nanoparticles by microwave-assisted synthesis; comparison with the thermal decomposition route. J Phys Chem C 116:15108–1511610.1021/jp303204d ↗
43. Aivazoglou E, Metaxa E, Hristoforou E (2018) Microwave-assisted synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles in biocompatible organic environment. AIP Adv 8:4820110.1063/1.4994057 ↗
44. Gallo-Cordova A, del Morales MP, Mazarío E (2019) Effect of the surface charge on the adsorption capacity of chromium (VI) of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis. Water 11:2372–810.3390/w11112372 ↗
45. Zou Y, Kan J, Wang Y (2011) Fe2O3-graphene rice-on-sheet nanocomposite for high and fast lithium ion storage. J Phys Chem C 115:20747–2075310.1021/jp206876t ↗
46. Zhu X, Zhu Y, Murali S, Stoller MD, Ruoff RS (2011) Nanostructured reduced graphene oxide/Fe2O3 composite as a high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries. ACS Nano 5:3333–333810.1021/nn200493r ↗
47. Saraf M, Natarajan K, Mobin SM (2017) Microwave assisted fabrication of a nanostructured reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Fe 2 O 3 composite as a promising next generation energy storage material. RSC Adv 7:309–31710.1039/C6RA24766K ↗
48. Zhu S, Chen M, Ren W, Yang J, Qu S, Li Z, Diao G (2015) Microwave assisted synthesis of α-Fe 2 O 3/reduced graphene oxide as anode material for high performance lithium ion batteries. New J Chem 39:7923–793110.1039/C5NJ01480H ↗
49. Liu X, Chen T, Chu H, Niu L, Sun Z, Pan L, Sun CQ (2015) Fe2O3-reduced graphene oxide composites synthesized via microwave-assisted method for sodium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 166:12–1610.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.081 ↗
50. De La Hoz A, Alcázar J, Carrillo J, Herrero MA, Muñoz JDM, Prieto P, De Cózar A, Diaz-Ortiz A (2011) Reproducibility and scalability of microwave-assisted reactions. IntechOpen
51. Okuyama K, Abdullah M, Lenggoro IW, Iskandar F (2006) Preparation of functional nanostructured particles by spray drying. Adv Powder Technol 17:587–61110.1163/156855206778917733 ↗
52. Jacobs IC (2014) Atomization and spray-drying processes. Microencapsulation in the food industry. Elsevier, pp 47–56
53. Zhou G-W, Wang J, Gao P, Yang X, He Y-S, Liao X-Z, Yang J, Ma Z-F (2013) Facile spray drying route for the three-dimensional graphene-encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles for lithium ion battery anodes. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:1197–120410.1021/ie302469b ↗
54. Kim Y, Yi J (2004) Advances in environmental technologies via the application of mesoporous materials. J Ind Eng Chem 10:41–51
55. Xu Z, Li W, Zhang Y, Xue Z, Guo X, Zhang G (2016) Facile synthesis of mesoporous reduced graphene oxide microspheres with well-distributed Fe2O3 nanoparticles for photochemical catalysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 55:10591–1059910.1021/acs.iecr.6b01004 ↗
56. Haggag YA, Faheem AM (2015) Evaluation of nano spray drying as a method for drying and formulation of therapeutic peptides and proteins. Front Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.0014010.3389/fphar.2015.00140 ↗
57. Odularu AT (2018) Metal nanoparticles: thermal decomposition, biomedicinal applications to cancer treatment, and future perspectives. Bioinorg Chem Appl. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/935470810.1155/2018/9354708 ↗
58. Supriya S, Sriram G, Ngaini Z, Kavitha C, Kurkuri M, De Padova IP, Hegde G (2020) The role of temperature on physical–chemical properties of green synthesized porous carbon nanoparticles. Waste Biomass Valorization 11:3821–383110.1007/s12649-019-00675-0 ↗
59. Unni M, Uhl AM, Savliwala S, Savitzky BH, Dhavalikar R, Garraud N, Arnold DP, Kourkoutis LF, Andrew JS, Rinaldi C (2017) Thermal decomposition synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles with diminished magnetic dead layer by controlled addition of oxygen. ACS Nano 11:2284–230310.1021/acsnano.7b00609 ↗
60. Zhu J, Wei S, Gu H, Rapole SB, Wang Q, Luo Z, Haldolaarachchige N, Young DP, Guo Z (2012) One-pot synthesis of magnetic graphene nanocomposites decorated with core@ double-shell nanoparticles for fast chromium removal. Environ Sci Technol 46:977–98510.1021/es2014133 ↗
61. Jang B, Chae OB, Park S-K, Ha J, Oh SM, Na HB, Piao Y (2013) Solventless synthesis of an iron-oxide/graphene nanocomposite and its application as an anode in high-rate Li-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 1:15442–1544610.1039/c3ta13717a ↗
62. Pei J, Zhao H, Yang F, Yan D (2021) Graphene oxide/Fe2O3 nanocomposite as an efficient catalyst for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate via the vacuum-freeze-drying method. Langmuir 37:6132–613810.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00108 ↗
63. Zhang M, Zhao F, Li H, Yang Y, An T, Jiang Y, Li N (2021) Morphology-dependent catalytic activity of Fe2O3 and its graphene-based nanocomposites on the thermal decomposition of AP. FirePhysChem 1:46–5310.1016/j.fpc.2021.02.002 ↗
64. Zhan D, Yan J, Lai L, Ni Z, Liu L, Shen Z (2012) Engineering the electronic structure of graphene. Adv Mater 24:4055–406910.1002/adma.201200011 ↗
65. Mkhoyan KA, Contryman AW, Silcox J, Stewart DA, Eda G, Mattevi C, Miller S, Chhowalla M (2009) Atomic and electronic structure of graphene-oxide. Nano Lett 9:1058–106310.1021/nl8034256 ↗
66. Saxena S, Tyson TA, Shukla S, Negusse E, Chen H, Bai J (2011) Investigation of structural and electronic properties of graphene oxide. Appl Phys Lett 99:1310410.1063/1.3607305 ↗
67. Pacilé D, Meyer JC, Rodríguez AF, Papagno M, Gomez-Navarro C, Sundaram RS, Burghard M, Kern K, Carbone C, Kaiser U (2011) Electronic properties and atomic structure of graphene oxide membranes. Carbon 49:966–97210.1016/j.carbon.2010.09.063 ↗
68. Kumar PV, Bernardi M, Grossman JC (2013) The impact of functionalization on the stability, work function, and photoluminescence of reduced graphene oxide. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn305507p10.1021/nn305507p ↗
69. Stewart DA, Mkhoyan KA (2011) Graphene oxide: synthesis, characterization, electronic structure, and applications. Graphene nanoelectronics. Springer, pp 435–46410.1007/978-3-642-22984-8_14 ↗
70. Aslani M, Garner CM, Kumar S, Nordlund D, Pianetta P, Nishi Y (2015) Characterization of electronic structure of periodically strained graphene. Appl Phys Lett 107:18350710.1063/1.4934701 ↗
71. Childres I, Jauregui L, Park W, Cao H, Chen Y (2013) Raman spectroscopy of graphene and related materials. New Dev Photon Mater Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53175-9.00016-710.1016/B978-0-444-53175-9.00016-7 ↗
72. Kim HH (2015) Endoscopic Raman spectroscopy for molecular fingerprinting of gastric cancer: principle to implementation. BioMed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/67012110.1155/2015/670121 ↗
73. Ferrari AC, Basko DM (2013) Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 8:235–246. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.4610.1038/nnano.2013.46 ↗
74. Gupta V, Sharma N, Singh U, Arif M, Singh A (2017) Higher oxidation level in graphene oxide. Optik Int J Light Electron Optics 143:115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.05.10010.1016/j.ijleo.2017.05.100 ↗
75. El Mendili Y, Bardeau J, Randrianantoandro N, Gourbil A, Greneche J, Mercier A, Grasset F (2011) New evidences of in situ laser irradiation effects on γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles: a Raman spectroscopic study. J Raman Spectrosc 42:239–24210.1002/jrs.2762 ↗
76. Idisi DO, Oke JA, Sarma S, Moloi SJ, Ray SC, Pong WF, Strydom AM (2019) Tuning of electronic and magnetic properties of multifunctional r-GO-ATA-Fe2O3-composites for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. J Appl Phys 126:35301. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.509989210.1063/1.5099892 ↗
77. Asefa T, Dubovoy V (2017) Ordered mesoporous/nanoporous inorganic materials via self-assembly. Nanotechnology. Elsevier Inc, pp 158–192
78. Stevie FA, Donley CL (2020) Introduction to x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Vac Sci Technol A 38:6320410.1116/6.0000412 ↗
79. Kovtun A, Jones D, Dell’Elce S, Treossi E, Liscio A, Palermo V (2019) Accurate chemical analysis of oxygenated graphene-based materials using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Carbon 143:268–27510.1016/j.carbon.2018.11.012 ↗
80. Koinuma M, Tateishi H, Hatakeyama K, Miyamoto S, Ogata C, Funatsu A, Taniguchi T, Matsumoto Y (2013) Analysis of reduced graphene oxides by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical capacitance. Chem Lett 42:924–92610.1246/cl.130152 ↗
81. Mohan VB, Jakisch L, Jayaraman K, Bhattacharyya D (2018) Role of chemical functional groups on thermal and electrical properties of various graphene oxide derivatives: a comparative x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Mater Res Express 5:3560410.1088/2053-1591/aab316 ↗
82. Moreira VR, Lebron YAR, da Silva MM, de Souza Santos LV, Jacob RS, de Vasconcelos CKB, Viana MM (2020) Graphene oxide in the remediation of norfloxacin from aqueous matrix: simultaneous adsorption and degradation process. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:34513–3452810.1007/s11356-020-09656-6 ↗
83. Afanas’ev VP, Bocharov GS, Gryazev AS, Eletskii AV, Kaplya PS, Ridzel OY (2018) Reduced graphene oxide studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: evolution of plasmon mode, in: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing. 1200110.1088/1742-6596/1121/1/012001 ↗
84. Nasiri MA, Sangpour P, Yousefzadeh S, Bagheri M (2019) Elevated temperature annealed α-Fe2O3/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite photoanode for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. J Environ Chem Eng 7:10299910.1016/j.jece.2019.102999 ↗
85. Mathew G, Dey P, Das R, Chowdhury SD, Das MP, Veluswamy P, Neppolian B, Das J (2018) Direct electrochemical reduction of hematite decorated graphene oxide (α-Fe2O3@ erGO) nanocomposite for selective detection of Parkinson’s disease biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 115:53–6010.1016/j.bios.2018.05.024 ↗
86. Moslemzadeh N, Beamson G, Haines S, Tsakiropoulos P, Watts J, Weightman P (2006) High-energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with new monochromatised Cu Kα1 X-rays; characteristics, capabilities and limitations. Surf Interface Anal 38:703–70610.1002/sia.2155 ↗
87. Suzuki N (2003) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and its application to carbon. Carbon alloys. Elsevier, pp 211–22210.1016/B978-008044163-4/50013-9 ↗
88. Sutar DS, Singh G, Divakar Botcha V (2012) Electronic structure of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide monolayers. Appl Phys Lett 101:10310310.1063/1.4749841 ↗
89. Singh G, Botcha VD, Sutar DS, Talwar SS, Srinivasa RS, Major SS (2015) Graphite mediated reduction of graphene oxide monolayer sheets. Carbon 95:843–85110.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.067 ↗
90. Chuang C-H, Ray SC, Mazumder D, Sharma S, Ganguly A, Papakonstantinou P, Chiou J-W, Tsai H-M, Shiu H-W, Chen C-H (2017) Chemical modification of graphene oxide by nitrogenation: an x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy study. Sci Rep 7:1–1010.1038/srep42235 ↗
91. Garg R, Dutta N, Choudhury N (2014) Work function engineering of graphene. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano402026710.3390/nano4020267 ↗
92. Dey A, Ghosh P, Bowen J, Braithwaite NSJ, Krishnamurthy S (2020) Engineering work function of graphene oxide from p to n type using a low power atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Phys Chem Chem Phys 22:7685–769810.1039/C9CP06174F ↗
93. Dechun Z (2013) Chemical and photophysical properties of materials for OLEDs. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Elsevier, pp 114–14210.1533/9780857098948.1.114 ↗
94. Vlasov II, Turner S, Van Tendeloo G, Shiryaev AA (2012) Recent results on characterization of detonation nanodiamonds. In: Ultrananocrystalline diamond: syntheses, properties, and applications. Amsterdam, pp 291–32210.1016/B978-1-4377-3465-2.00009-8 ↗
95. Abraham J, Jose B, Jose A, Thomas S (2020) Characterization of green nanoparticles from plants. Phytonanotechnology. Elsevier, pp 21–3910.1016/B978-0-12-822348-2.00002-4 ↗
96. Gaur A, Shrivastava BD (2015) Speciation using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). Rev J Chem 5:361–39810.1134/S2079978015040032 ↗
97. Porcaro F, Roudeau S, Carmona A, Ortega R (2018) Advances in element speciation analysis of biomedical samples using synchrotron-based techniques. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 104:22–4110.1016/j.trac.2017.09.016 ↗
98. Zhou JG, Wang J, Sun CL, Maley JM, Sammynaiken R, Sham TK, Pong WF (2011) Nano-scale chemical imaging of a single sheet of reduced graphene oxide. J Mater Chem 21:14622–1463010.1039/c1jm11071c ↗
99. Zhang L-S, Wang WD, Liang X-Q, Chu W-S, Song W-G, Wang W, Wu Z-Y (2011) Characterization of partially reduced graphene oxide as room temperature sensor for H 2. Nanoscale 3:2458–246010.1039/c1nr10187k ↗
100. Idisi DO, Ali H, Oke JA, Sarma S, Moloi SJ, Ray SCSC, Wang HT, Jana NRNR, Pong WF, Strydom AMAM (2019) Electronic, electrical and magnetic behaviours of reduced graphene-oxide functionalized with silica coated gold nanoparticles. Appl Surf Sci 483:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APSUSC.2019.03.27110.1016/J.APSUSC.2019.03.271 ↗