Carbon-based materials in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: a critical review on performance and application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.
Source: Not provided · Quality: missing
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Fuel Cells and Related Materials · Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion · Advanced battery technologies research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Akalework NG, Pan C-J, Su W-N, Rick J, Tsai M-C, Lee J-F, Lin J-M, Tsai L-D, Hwang B-J (2012) Ultrathin TiO2-coated MWCNTs with excellent conductivity and SMSI nature as Pt catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFCs. J Mater Chem 22:20977–20985. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM34361D10.1039/C2JM34361D ↗
2. Alpaydin GU, Devrim Y, Colpan CO (2019) Performance of an HT-PEMFC having a catalyst with graphene and multiwalled carbon nanotube support. Int J Energy Res 43:3578–3589. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.450410.1002/er.4504 ↗
3. Antunes RA, de Oliveira MCL, Ett G, Ett V (2011) Carbon materials in composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: a review of the main challenges to improve electrical performance. J Power Sources 196:2945–2961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.12.04110.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.12.041 ↗
4. Athanasaki G, Chauhan N, Ahmad R, Kannan AM (2021) Accelerated stress testing of PUREBLACK® carbon-based gas diffusion layers with pore forming agent for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46:31754–31763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.05210.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.052 ↗
5. Bajpai A, Jain PK (2022) Investigation on 3D printing of graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotube mixed flexible electrically conductive parts using fused filament fabrication. J Materi Eng Perform: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07574-x10.1007/s11665-022-07574-x ↗
6. Banerjee J, Dutta K, Rana D (2019) Carbon nanomaterials in renewable energy production and storage applications. In: Rajendran S, Naushad Mu, Raju K, Boukherroub R (eds) Emerging nanostructured materials for energy and environmental science. Springer, Cham, pp 51–10410.1007/978-3-030-04474-9_2 ↗
7. Berber MR, Hafez IH, Fujigaya T, Nakashima N (2015) A highly durable fuel cell electrocatalyst based on double-polymer-coated carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 5:16711. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep1671110.1038/srep16711 ↗
8. Birat J-P (2012) Materials, beyond life cycle thinking. Metallur Res Technol 109:273–291. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/201202610.1051/metal/2012026 ↗
9. Borup RL, Kusoglu A, Neyerlin KC, Mukundan R, Ahluwalia RK, Cullen DA, More KL, Weber AZ, Myers DJ (2020) Recent developments in catalyst-related PEM fuel cell durability. Curr Opin Electrochem 21:192–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.02.00710.1016/j.coelec.2020.02.007 ↗
10. Brandão L, Passeira C, Mirabile Gattia D, Mendes A (2011) Use of single wall carbon nanohorns in polymeric electrolyte fuel cells. J Mater Sci 46:7198–7205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4638-610.1007/s10853-010-4638-6 ↗
11. Brodt M, Wycisk R, Pintauro PN (2013) Nanofiber electrodes with low platinum loading for high power hydrogen/air PEM fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 160:F744. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.008308jes10.1149/2.008308jes ↗
12. Chen H, Xia X-H, Yang L, He Y, Liu H (2016) Preparation and characterization of graphite/resin composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Sci Eng Compos Mater 23:21–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-030610.1515/secm-2013-0306 ↗
13. Chen H, Zhao X, Zhang T, Pei P (2019) The reactant starvation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells for vehicular applications: a review. Energy Convers Manage 182:282–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.04910.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.049 ↗
14. Chen S, Xu R, Huang H, Yi F, Zhou X, Zeng H (2007) Reduction–adsorption behavior of platinum ions on activated carbon fibers. J Mater Sci 42:9572–9581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1748-x10.1007/s10853-007-1748-x ↗
15. Cruz-Martínez H, Rojas-Chávez H, Matadamas-Ortiz PT, Ortiz-Herrera JC, López-Chávez E, Solorza-Feria O, Medina DI (2021) Current progress of Pt-based ORR electrocatalysts for PEMFCs: an integrated view combining theory and experiment. Mater Today Phys 19:100406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2021.10040610.1016/j.mtphys.2021.100406 ↗
16. Cullen DA, Neyerlin KC, Ahluwalia RK, Mukundan R, More KL, Borup RL, Weber AZ, Myers DJ, Kusoglu A (2021) New roads and challenges for fuel cells in heavy-duty transportation. Nat Energy 6:462–474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00775-z10.1038/s41560-021-00775-z ↗
17. Daud WRW, Rosli RE, Majlan EH, Hamid SAA, Mohamed R, Husaini T (2017) PEM fuel cell system control: a review. Renew Energy 113:620–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.02710.1016/j.renene.2017.06.027 ↗
18. Destyorini F, Irmawati Y, Hardiansyah A, Widodo H, Yahya IND, Indayaningsih N, Yudianti R, Hsu Y-I, Uyama H (2021) Formation of nanostructured graphitic carbon from coconut waste via low-temperature catalytic graphitisation. Eng Sci Technol Int J 24:514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.06.01110.1016/j.jestch.2020.06.011 ↗
19. Dhand V, Yadav M, Kim SH, Rhee KY (2021) A comprehensive review on the prospects of multi-functional carbon nano onions as an effective, high- performance energy storage material. Carbon 175:534–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.12.08310.1016/j.carbon.2020.12.083 ↗
20. Dreyer DR, Todd AD, Bielawski CW (2014) Harnessing the chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem Soc Rev 43:5288–5301. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00060A10.1039/C4CS00060A ↗
21. Escorihuela J, Narducci R, Compañ V, Costantino F (2019) Proton conductivity of composite polyelectrolyte membranes with metal-organic frameworks for fuel cell applications. Adv Mater Interfaces 6:1801146. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.20180114610.1002/admi.201801146 ↗
22. Etesami M, Mehdipour-Ataei S, Somwangthanaroj A, Kheawhom S (2022) Recent progress of electrocatalysts for hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Int J Hydrogen Energy 47:41956–41973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.13310.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.133 ↗
23. Fadzillah DM, Rosli MI, Talib MZM, Kamarudin SK, Daud WRW (2017) Review on microstructure modelling of a gas diffusion layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 77:1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.23510.1016/j.rser.2016.11.235 ↗
24. Fujigaya T, Kim C, Matsumoto K, Nakashima N (2013) Effective anchoring of Pt-nanoparticles onto sulfonated polyelectrolyte-wrapped carbon nanotubes for use as a fuel cell electrocatalyst. Polym J 45:326–330. https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2012.14510.1038/pj.2012.145 ↗
25. Fujigaya T, Saito C, Han Z, Nakashima N (2017) Ionomer grafting to polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrocatalyst. Chem Lett 46:1660–1663. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.17074410.1246/cl.170744 ↗
26. Gautam RK, Kumar A (2022) A review of bipolar plate materials and flow field designs in the all-vanadium redox flow battery. J Energy Storage 48:104003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.10400310.1016/j.est.2022.104003 ↗
27. Gumilar DA, Indayaningsih N, Subhan A, Prastomo N, Hastuty S (2018) Fabrication of gas diffusion layer from carbon ramie fiber by hot press method. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 432:012029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/432/1/01202910.1088/1757-899X/432/1/012029 ↗
28. Gupta C, Maheshwari PH, Dhakate SR (2016) Development of multiwalled carbon nanotubes platinum nanocomposite as efficient PEM fuel cell catalyst. Mater Renew Sustain Energy 5:2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-015-0066-510.1007/s40243-015-0066-5 ↗
29. Gupta N, Gupta SM, Sharma SK (2019) Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, properties and engineering applications. Carbon Lett 29:419–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-019-00068-210.1007/s42823-019-00068-2 ↗
30. Hambardzumyan A, Vayer M, Foulon L, Pernes M, Devers T, Bigarré J, Aguié-Béghin V (2022) Nafion membranes reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals for fuel cell applications: aspect ratio and heat treatment effects on physical properties. J Mater Sci 57:4684–4703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06921-610.1007/s10853-022-06921-6 ↗
31. Han A, Zhang Z, Yang J, Wang D, Li Y (2021) Carbon-supported single-atom catalysts for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions. Small 17:2004500. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20200450010.1002/smll.202004500 ↗
32. Hu B, Chang F-L, Xiang L-Y, He G-J, Cao X-W, Yin X-C (2021) High performance polyvinylidene fluoride/graphite/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite bipolar plate for PEMFC with segregated conductive networks. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46:25666–25676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.08110.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.081 ↗
33. Indayaningsih N, Zulfia A, Priadi D, Hendrana S (2016) Preparation of carbon composite from coconut fiber for gas diffusion layer. Ionics 22:1445–1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1657-610.1007/s11581-016-1657-6 ↗
34. Islam MN, Mansoor Basha AB, Kollath VO, Soleymani AP, Jankovic J, Karan K (2022) Designing fuel cell catalyst support for superior catalytic activity and low mass-transport resistance. Nat Commun 13:6157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33892-810.1038/s41467-022-33892-8 ↗
35. Iwan A, Malinowski M, Pasciak G (2015) Polymer fuel cell components modified by graphene: electrodes, electrolytes and bipolar plates. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49:954–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.09310.1016/j.rser.2015.04.093 ↗
36. Jafri RI, Rajalakshmi N, Ramaprabhu S (2010) Nitrogen doped graphene nanoplatelets as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell. J Mater Chem 20:7114–7117. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM00467G10.1039/C0JM00467G ↗
37. Jaleh B, Nasrollahzadeh M, Eslamipanah M, Nasri A, Shabanlou E, Manwar NR, Zboril R, Fornasiero P, Gawande MB (2022) The role of carbon-based materials for fuel cells performance. Carbon 198:301–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.07.02310.1016/j.carbon.2022.07.023 ↗
38. Jamil A, Rafiq S, Iqbal T, Khan HAA, Khan HM, Azeem B, Mustafa MZ, Hanbazazah AS (2022) Current status and future perspectives of proton exchange membranes for hydrogen fuel cells. Chemosphere 303:135204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.13520410.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135204 ↗
39. Jayakumar A (2019) A comprehensive assessment on the durability of gas diffusion electrode materials in PEM fuel cell stack. Front Energy 13:325–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-019-0618-y10.1007/s11708-019-0618-y ↗
40. Jayakumar A, Madheswaran DK, Kannan AM, Sureshvaran U, Sathish J (2022) Can hydrogen be the sustainable fuel for mobility in India in the global context? Int J Hydrogen Energy 47:33571–33596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.27210.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.272 ↗
41. Jayakumar A, Madheswaran DK, Kumar NM (2021) A critical assessment on functional attributes and degradation mechanism of membrane electrode assembly components in direct methanol fuel cells. Sustainability 13:13938. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13241393810.3390/su132413938 ↗
42. Jayakumar A, Madheswaran DK, Velu R (2023) Metal additive manufacturing of PEM fuel cell flow field plates and the scope of nanomaterials for its fabrication. In: Nanotechnology-Based Additive Manufacturing. Wiley, pp 103–12910.1002/9783527835478.ch4 ↗
43. Jayakumar A, Sethu SP, Ramos M, Robertson J, Al-Jumaily A (2015) A technical review on gas diffusion, mechanism and medium of PEM fuel cell. Ionics 21:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-014-1322-x10.1007/s11581-014-1322-x ↗
44. Jeong KI, Oh J, Song SA, Lee D, Lee DG, Kim SS (2021) A review of composite bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: electrical properties and gas permeability. Compos Struct 262:113617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.11361710.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113617 ↗
45. Jha N, Ramesh P, Bekyarova E, Tian X, Wang F, Itkis ME, Haddon RC (2013) Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube-based fuel cell benchmarked against US DOE 2017 technical targets. Sci Rep 3:2257. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep0225710.1038/srep02257 ↗
46. Jiang X, Drzal LT (2012) Exploring the potential of exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets as the conductive filler in polymeric nanocomposites for bipolar plates. J Power Sourc 218:297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.00110.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.001 ↗
47. Jiao K, Xuan J, Du Q, Bao Z, Xie B, Wang B, Zhao Y, Fan L, Wang H, Hou Z, Huo S, Brandon NP, Yin Y, Guiver MD (2021) Designing the next generation of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Nature 595:361–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03482-710.1038/s41586-021-03482-7 ↗
48. Job N, Berthon-Fabry S, Lambert S, Chatenet M, Maillard F, Brigaudet M, Pirard J-P (2009) Carbon xerogels as supports for catalysts and electrocatalysts. In: International Carbon Conference 2009. http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/12011
49. Kakati BK, Ghosh A, Verma A (2013) Efficient composite bipolar plate reinforced with carbon fiber and graphene for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38:9362–9369.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.11.07510.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.11.075 ↗
50. Kakati BK, Yamsani VK, Dhathathreyan KS, Sathiyamoorthy D, Verma A (2009) The electrical conductivity of a composite bipolar plate for fuel cell applications. Carbon 47:2413–2418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.04.03410.1016/j.carbon.2009.04.034 ↗
51. Karousos DS, Desdenakis KI, Sakkas PM, Sourkouni G, Pollet BG, Argirusis C (2017) Sonoelectrochemical one-pot synthesis of Pt—Carbon black nanocomposite PEMFC electrocatalyst. Ultrason Sonochem 35:591–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.05.02310.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.05.023 ↗
52. Kaushal S, Sahu AK, Rani M, Dhakate SR (2019) Multiwall carbon nanotubes tailored porous carbon fiber paper-based gas diffusion layer performance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Renew Energy 142:604–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.09610.1016/j.renene.2019.04.096 ↗
53. Kaya O, Buran D, Akkurt N, Yapici K, Sarac MF (2021) Characterization of various carbon-based polypropylene nanocomposites. J Materi Eng Perform 30:190–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05398-110.1007/s11665-020-05398-1 ↗
54. Khosravi HS, Abbas Q, Reichmann K (2021) Electrochemical aspects of interconnect materials in PEMFCs. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46:35420–35447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.10510.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.105 ↗
55. Kim DJ, Jo MJ, Nam SY (2015) A review of polymer–nanocomposite electrolyte membranes for fuel cell application. J Ind Eng Chem 21:36–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.04.03010.1016/j.jiec.2014.04.030 ↗
56. Kim HY, Im DS, Son U-H, Lee HR, Joh H-I (2022) Replacement effect of fresh electrolyte on the accelerated deactivation test and recovery process of Pt/C catalysts in a half-cell system. Carbon Lett 32:313–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-021-00310-w10.1007/s42823-021-00310-w ↗
57. Kim JY, Lee S, Kim T-Y, Pak C, Kim H-T (2014) Highly durable electrocatalyst with graphitized carbon supports modified by diazonium reaction for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Carbon 77:525–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.05810.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.058 ↗
58. Ko D, Doh S, Yu DI, Park HS, Kim MH (2018) The change of water distribution in porous media of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell after freeze/thaw cycles. Fuel Cells 18:413–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.20170012110.1002/fuce.201700121 ↗
59. Kuan Y-D, Wang C-K, Yang C, Lee P-C, Siao Y-S, Lee C-Y (2020) Fuel cell stack design using carbon fiber composites. Sens Mater 32:4233–4244. https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM.2020.310310.18494/SAM.2020.3103 ↗
60. Kumar A, Sharma K, Dixit AR (2021) A review on the mechanical properties of polymer composites reinforced by carbon nanotubes and graphene. Carbon Lett 31:149–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-020-00161-x10.1007/s42823-020-00161-x ↗
61. Lee FC, Ismail MS, Ingham DB, Hughes KJ, Ma L, Lyth SM, Pourkashanian M (2022) Alternative architectures and materials for PEMFC gas diffusion layers: a review and outlook. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 166:112640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.11264010.1016/j.rser.2022.112640 ↗
62. Lee HE, Han SH, Song SA, Kim SS (2015) Novel fabrication process for carbon fiber composite bipolar plates using sol gel and the double percolation effect for PEMFC. Compos Struct 134:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.03710.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.037 ↗
63. Lees EW, Mowbray BAW, Parlane FGL, Berlinguette CP (2022) Gas diffusion electrodes and membranes for CO2 reduction electrolysers. Nat Rev Mater 7:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00356-210.1038/s41578-021-00356-2 ↗
64. Li B, Wang J, Gao X, Qin C, Yang D, Lv H, Xiao Q, Zhang C (2019) High performance octahedral PtNi/C catalysts investigated from rotating disk electrode to membrane electrode assembly. Nano Res 12:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2211-910.1007/s12274-018-2211-9 ↗
65. Li H, Cheng X, Yan X, Shen S, Zhang J (2023) A perspective on influences of cathode material degradation on oxygen transport resistance in low Pt PEMFC. Nano Res 16:377–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4642-610.1007/s12274-022-4642-6 ↗
66. Li Y, Wang F, Zhu H (2020) Synthesis of H2O2–CTAB dual-modified carbon black-supported Pt3Ni to improve catalytic activity for ORR. J Mater Sci 55:11241–11252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04808-y10.1007/s10853-020-04808-y ↗
67. Lian B, Chen L, Liu M, Fang T, Hu J, Li H (2020) The quantitative analysis for the formation of carbon fiber paper and its influencing factors. J Mater Sci 55:6566–6580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04465-110.1007/s10853-020-04465-1 ↗
68. Li-li F, Yue C, Ji-gang LI, Si-yao T, Jun-zhao DU, Tong-yan LI, Xing-guo LI (2021) Research progress in carbon-based composite molded bipolar plates. gckxxb 43:585–593. https://doi.org/10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.01.02.00110.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.01.02.001 ↗
69. Lin R, Tang S, Diao X, Zhong D, Chen L, Froning D, Hao Z (2020) Detailed optimization of multiwall carbon nanotubes doped microporous layer in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells for enhanced performance. Appl Energy 274:115214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.11521410.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115214 ↗
70. Liu G, Hou F, Wang X, Fang B (2023) Conductive polymer and nanoparticle-promoted polymer hybrid coatings for metallic bipolar plates in proton membrane exchange water electrolysis. Appl Sci 13:1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/app1303124410.3390/app13031244 ↗
71. Liu Q, Lan F, Zeng C, Chen J, Wang J (2022) A review of proton exchange membrane fuel cell’s bipolar plate design and fabrication process. J Power Sour 538:231543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.23154310.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231543 ↗
72. Liu S, Yuan S, Liang Y, Li H, Xu Z, Xu Q, Yin J, Shen S, Yan X, Zhang J (2023) Engineering the catalyst layers towards enhanced local oxygen transport of Low-Pt proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Materials, designs, and methods. Int J Hydrogen Energy 48:4389–4417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.24910.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.249 ↗
73. Liu Z, Chen H, Zhang T (2022) Review on system mitigation strategies for start-stop degradation of automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Appl Energy 327:120058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.12005810.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120058 ↗
74. Luo Y, Jiao K (2018) Cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Prog Energy Combust Sci 64:29–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.10.00310.1016/j.pecs.2017.10.003 ↗
75. Lyth SM, Nabae Y, Islam NM, Kuroki S, Kakimoto M, Miyata S (2012) Oxygen reduction activity of carbon nitride supported on carbon nanotubes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 12:4887–4891. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2012.494710.1166/jnn.2012.4947 ↗
76. Madheswaran DK, Jayakumar A (2021) Recent advancements on non-platinum based catalyst electrode material for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: a mini techno-economic review. Bull Mater Sci 44:287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-021-02572-610.1007/s12034-021-02572-6 ↗
77. Madheswaran DK, Jayakumar A, Varuvel EG (2022) Recent advancement on thermal management strategies in PEM fuel cell stack: a technical assessment from the context of fuel cell electric vehicle application. Energy Sour Part A Recov Utilizat Environ Effects 44:3100–3125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2022.205812210.1080/15567036.2022.2058122 ↗
78. Madheswaran DK, Jayakumar A, Velu R, Raj R, Varuvel EG (2022) Polymer based flow field plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and the scope of additive manufacturing: a techno-economic review. Int J Energy Res 46:19737–19761. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.864510.1002/er.8645 ↗
79. Maheshwari PH, Gupta C, Mathur RB (2014) Role of fiber length and pore former on the porous network of carbon paper electrode and its performance in PEMFC. Fuel Cells 14:566–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.20130029010.1002/fuce.201300290 ↗
80. Mansir IB, Okonkwo PC (2023) A focused review of carbon corrosion mechanism in proton exchange membrane fuel cell during start-up and shut-down processes. Energy Sour Part A Recov Utilizat Environ Effects 45:3231–3245. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2023.219581510.1080/15567036.2023.2195815 ↗
81. Mathew C, Naina Mohamed S, Devanathan LS (2022) A comprehensive review of current research on various materials used for developing composite bipolar plates in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Polym Compos 43:4100–4114. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.2669110.1002/pc.26691 ↗
82. Mauger SA, Neyerlin KC, Alia SM, Ngo C, Babu SK, Hurst KE, Pylypenko S, Litster S, Pivovar BS (2018) Fuel cell performance implications of membrane electrode assembly fabrication with platinum-nickel nanowire catalysts. J Electrochem Soc 165:F238. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1061803jes10.1149/2.1061803jes ↗
83. Mingge W, Congda L, Tao H, Guohai C, Donghui W, Haifeng Z, Dong Z, Aiying W (2016) Chromium interlayer amorphous carbon film for 304 stainless steel bipolar plate of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Surf Coat Technol 307:374–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.07.06910.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.07.069 ↗
84. Minke C, Turek T (2018) Materials, system designs and modelling approaches in techno-economic assessment of all-vanadium redox flow batteries—a review. J Power Sour 376:66–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.05810.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.058 ↗
85. Mohd Radzuan NA, Sulong AB, Somalu MR, Abdullah AT, Husaini T, Rosli RE, Majlan EH, Rosli MI (2019) Fibre orientation effect on polypropylene/milled carbon fiber composites in the presence of carbon nanotubes or graphene as a secondary filler: application on PEM fuel cell bipolar plate. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44:30618–30626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.06310.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.063 ↗
86. Morgan JM, Datta R (2014) Understanding the gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. I. How its structural characteristics affect diffusion and performance. J Power Sources 251:269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.09010.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.090 ↗
87. Mubasher MM, Ali M (2021) Structural, dielectric and electric modulus Studies of MnFe2O4/(MWCNTs)x nanocomposites. J Mater Eng Perform 30:4494–4503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05721-410.1007/s11665-021-05721-4 ↗
88. Navarro A, Gómez M, Daza L, Lopez-Cascales JJ (2021) Production of gas diffusion layers with cotton fibers for its use in fuel cells. Res Square 1:1–11. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1007793/v110.21203/rs.3.rs-1007793/v1 ↗
89. Neelesh A, Vidhyashree S, Meera B (2020) The influence of MWCNT and hybrid (MWCNT/nanoclay) fillers on performance of EPDM-CIIR blends in nuclear applications: mechanical, hydrocarbon transport, and gamma-radiation aging characteristics. J Appl Polym Sci 137:49271. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4927110.1002/app.49271 ↗
90. Okonkwo PC, Otor C (2021) A review of gas diffusion layer properties and water management in proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. Int J Energy Res 45:3780–3800. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.622710.1002/er.6227 ↗
91. Olabi AG, Wilberforce T, Alanazi A, Vichare P, Sayed ET, Maghrabie HM, Elsaid K, Abdelkareem MA (2022) Novel trends in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Energies 15:4949. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1514494910.3390/en15144949 ↗
92. Owejan JE, Bhargava S, Litteer BA (2012) Surface chemistry of carbon black electrocatalyst supports as a result of a commercial synthethic route. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol 1:M33. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.004205jss10.1149/2.004205jss ↗
93. Ozden A, Shahgaldi S, Li X, Hamdullahpur F (2019) A review of gas diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells—with a focus on characteristics, characterization techniques, materials and designs. Prog Energy Combust Sci 74:50–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2019.05.00210.1016/j.pecs.2019.05.002 ↗
94. Pan Y, Wang H, Brandon NP (2021) Gas diffusion layer degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Mechanisms, characterization techniques and modelling approaches. Journal of Power Sources 513:230560. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.23056010.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230560 ↗
95. Park J, Oh H, Ha T, Lee YI, Min K (2015) A review of the gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: durability and degradation. Appl Energy 155:866–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.06810.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.068 ↗
96. Park J, Oh H, Lee YI, Min K, Lee E, Jyoung J-Y (2016) Effect of the pore size variation in the substrate of the gas diffusion layer on water management and fuel cell performance. Appl Energy 171:200–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.13210.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.132 ↗
97. Park S, Lee J-W, Popov BN (2012) A review of gas diffusion layer in PEM fuel cells: materials and designs. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37:5850–5865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.14810.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.148 ↗
98. Park S, Popov BN (2011) Effect of a GDL based on carbon paper or carbon cloth on PEM fuel cell performance. Fuel 90:436–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.00310.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.003 ↗
99. Park Y-C, Kakinuma K, Uchida M, Tryk DA, Kamino T, Uchida H, Watanabe M (2013) Investigation of the corrosion of carbon supports in polymer electrolyte fuel cells using simulated start-up/shutdown cycling. Electrochim Acta 91:195–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.08210.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.082 ↗
100. Pathak AK, Batabyal SK (2021) Formation of 2D-layered (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9 lead-free perovskite phase from CH3NH3I and SbSI: photodetection activity in carbon based lateral devices. J Electron Mater 50:5989–5994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-021-09100-610.1007/s11664-021-09100-6 ↗