A recent advancement on hydrothermal carbonization of biomass to produce hydrochar for pollution control
Source abstract
Abstract
A thermochemical conversion method known as hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is appealing, because it may convert wet biomass directly into energy and chemicals without the need for pre-drying. The hydrochar solid product’s capacity to prepare precursors of activated carbon has attracted attention. HTC has been utilized to solve practical issues and produce desired carbonaceous products on a variety of generated wastes, including municipal solid waste, algae, and sludge in addition to the typically lignocellulose biomass used as sustainable feedstock. This study aims to assess the in-depth description of hydrothermal carbonization, highlighting the most recent findings with regard to the technological mechanisms and practical advantages. The process parameters, which include temperature, water content, pH, and retention time, determine the characteristics of the final products. The right setting of parameters is crucial, since it significantly affects the characteristics of hydrothermal products and opens up a range of opportunities for their use in multiple sectors. Findings reveal that the type of precursor, retention time, and temperature at which the reaction is processed were discovered to be the main determinants of the HTC process. Lower solid products are produced at higher temperatures; the carbon concentration rises, while the hydrogen and oxygen content declines. Current knowledge gaps, fresh views, and associated recommendations were offered to fully use the HTC technique`s enormous potential and to provide hydrochar with additional useful applications in the future.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes · Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies · Biodiesel Production and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Varsha M, Senthil Kumar P, Senthil Rathi B (2022) A review on recent trends in the removal of emerging contaminants from aquatic environment using low-cost adsorbents. Chemosphere 287(3):132270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.13227010.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132270 ↗
2. Li B, Guo J, Lv K, Fan J (2019) Adsorption of methylene blue and Cd(II) onto maleylated modified hydrochar from water. Environ Pollut 254:113014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.11301410.1016/j.envpol.2019.113014 ↗
3. Amina Othmani, Sara Magdouli, P. Senthil Kumar, Ashish Kapoor, Padmanaban Velayudhaperumal Chellam, Ömür Gökkuş (2022) Agricultural waste materials for adsorptive removal of phenols, chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) from wastewater: a review. Environ Res 204(A):111916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.11191610.1016/j.envres.2021.111916 ↗
4. Ighalo JO, Omoarukhe FO, Ojukwu VE, Iwuozor KO, Igwegbe CA (2022) Cost of adsorbent preparation and usage in wastewater treatment: A review. Clean Chem Eng 3:100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2022.10004210.1016/j.clce.2022.100042 ↗
5. Chai WS, Cheun JY, Senthil Kumar P, Mubashir M, Majeed Z, Banat F, Ho S-H, Show PL (2021) A review on conventional and novel materials towards heavy metal adsorption in wastewater treatment application. J Clean Product 296:126589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.12658910.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126589 ↗
6. Adam MR, Othman MHD, Kurniawan TA, Puteh MH, Ismail AF, Khongnakorn W, Rahman MA, Jaafar J (2022) Advances in adsorptive membrane technology for water treatment and resource recovery applications: a critical review. J Environ Chem Eng 10(3):107633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.10763310.1016/j.jece.2022.107633 ↗
7. Ighalo JO, Rangabhashiyam S, Dulta K, Umeh CT, Iwuozor KO, Aniagor CO, Eshiemogie SO, Iwuchukwu FU, Igwegbe CA (2022) Recent advances in hydrochar application for the adsorptive removal of wastewater pollutants. Chem Eng Res Des 184:419–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.06.02810.1016/j.cherd.2022.06.028 ↗
8. Hesham A, Awad Y, Jahin H, El-Korashy S, Maher S, Kalil H, Khairy G (2021) Hydrochar for Industrial Wastewater Treatment: An Overview on its Advantages and Applications. Environ Analyt Toxicol 11:3
9. Medjili C, Lakhdari N, Lakhdari D, Berchi A, Osmani N, Laourari I, Vasseghian Y, Berkani M (2023) Synthesis of novel PANI/PVA-NiCu composite material for efficient removal of organic dyes. Chemosphere 313:137427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.13742710.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137427 ↗
10. Senthil Rathi B, Senthil Kumar P, Parthiban R (2022) A review on recent advances in electrodeionization for various environmental applications. Chemosphere 289:133223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.13322310.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133223 ↗
11. Kazak O, Tor A (2020) In situ preparation of magnetic hydrochar by co-hydrothermal treatment of waste vinasse with red mud and its adsorption property for Pb(II) in aqueous solution. J Hazardous Mater 393:122391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.12239110.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122391 ↗
12. Mäkelä M, Benavente V, Fullana A (2015) Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass: Effect of process conditions on hydrochar properties. Appl Energy 155:576–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.02210.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.022 ↗
13. Cui X, Min Lu, Khan MB, Lai C, Yang X, He Z, Chen G, Yan B (2020) Hydrothermal carbonization of different wetland biomass wastes: Phosphorus reclamation and hydrochar production. Waste Manag 102:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.03410.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.034 ↗
14. Chen B, Guan H, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhao B, Zhong C, Zhang H, Ding W, Song A, Zhu Di, Liu L, Wulan B, Li H, Liu G, Feng X (2023) Performance and mechanism of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions’ adsorption via modified antibiotic residue-based hydrochar. Heliyon 9(4):e14930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e1493010.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14930 ↗
15. Nadarajah K, Bandala ER, Zhang Z, Mundree S, Goonetilleke A (2021) Removal of heavy metals from water using engineered hydrochar: Kinetics and mechanistic approach. J Water Process Eng 40:101929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.10192910.1016/j.jwpe.2021.101929 ↗
16. Jamal-Uddin A-T, Salaudeen SA, Dutta A, Zytner RG (2022) Hydrothermal conversion of waste biomass from greenhouses into hydrochar for energy, soil amendment, and wastewater treatment applications. Energies 15(10):3663. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1510366310.3390/en15103663 ↗
17. Wang T, Zhai Y, Zhu Y, Li C, Zeng G (2018) A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: Process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 90:223–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.07110.1016/j.rser.2018.03.071 ↗
18. Catenacci A, Boniardi G, Mainardis M, Gievers F, Farru G, Asunis F, Malpei F, Goi D, Cappai G, Canziani R (2022) Processes, applications and legislative framework for carbonized anaerobic digestate: Opportunities and bottlenecks. A critical review. Energy Convers Manag 263:115691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.11569110.1016/j.enconman.2022.115691 ↗
19. Shyam S, Arun J, Gopinath KP, Ribhu G, Ashish M, Ajay S (2022) Biomass as source for hydrochar and biochar production to recover phosphates from wastewater: A review on challenges, commercialization, and future perspectives. Chemosphere 286:131490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.13149010.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131490 ↗
20. Puccini M, Ceccarini L, Antichi D, Seggiani M, Tavarini S, Latorre MH, Vitolo S (2018) Hydrothermal carbonization of municipal woody and herbaceous prunings: hydrochar valorisation as soil amendment and growth medium for horticulture. Sustainability 10(3):846. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1003084610.3390/su10030846 ↗
21. Pak S, Ahn J, Kim H (2022) Synthesis of saccharide-based hydrochar with macroporous structure for effective organic pollutant removal. Fibers Polymers 23(7):1789–1796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-022-4007-510.1007/s12221-022-4007-5 ↗
22. Rasheed T, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN (2022) Toxicological impact and adsorptive removal of triclosan from water bodies using chitosan and carbon-based nano-architectures. Nano-Biosorbents Decontam Water Air Soil Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90912-9.00019-810.1016/B978-0-323-90912-9.00019-8 ↗
23. Shafizadeh A, Shahbeik H, Rafiee S, Moradi A, Shahbaz M, Madadi M, Li C, Peng W, Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M (2023) Machine learning-based characterization of hydrochar from biomass: Implications for sustainable energy and material production. Fuel 347:128467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.12846710.1016/j.fuel.2023.128467 ↗
24. Djandja OS, Duan P-G, Yin L-X, Wang Z-C, Duo J (2021) A novel machine learning-based approach for prediction of nitrogen content in hydrochar from hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge. Energy 232:121010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.12101010.1016/j.energy.2021.121010 ↗
25. Velusamy P, Srinivasan J, Subramanian N, Mahendran RK, Saleem MQ, Ahmad M, Shafiq M, Choi J-G (2023) Optimization-driven machine learning approach for the prediction of hydrochar properties from municipal solid waste. Sustainability 15(7):6088. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1507608810.3390/su15076088 ↗
26. Genli N, Kutluay S, Baytar O, Şahin Ö (2021) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from hydrochar by hydrothermal carbonization of chickpea stem: an application in methylene blue removal by RSM optimization. Int J Phytorem 24(1):88–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2021.192691110.1080/15226514.2021.1926911 ↗
27. Zhang Y, Zhang T (2022) Biowaste valorization to produce advance carbon material-hydrochar for potential application of Cr (VI) and Cd (II) adsorption in wastewater: a review. Water 14(22):3675. https://doi.org/10.3390/w1422367510.3390/w14223675 ↗
28. Masoumi S, Borugadda VB, Nanda S, Dalai AK (2021) Hydrochar: a review on its production technologies and applications. Catalysts 11(8):939. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal1108093910.3390/catal11080939 ↗
29. Zhang DX, Wang DY, Cai DJ, Wilson PK, Lee AF (2020) Bio/hydrochar sorbents for environmental remediation. Energy Environm Mater 3(4):453–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.1207410.1002/eem2.12074 ↗
30. Chatir EM, El Hadrami A, Ojala S, Brahmi R (2022) Production of activated carbon with tunable porosity and surface chemistry via chemical activation of hydrochar with phosphoric acid under oxidizing atmosphere. Surfaces Interfaces 30:101849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2022.10184910.1016/j.surfin.2022.101849 ↗
31. Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Shen B, Liu L (2019) Insights into biochar and hydrochar production and applications: a review. Energy 171:581–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.03510.1016/j.energy.2019.01.035 ↗
32. Siyu Xu, Chen J, Peng H, Leng S, Li H, Wenqi Qu, Yingchao Hu, Li H, Jiang S, Zhou W, Leng L (2021) Effect of biomass type and pyrolysis temperature on nitrogen in biochar, and the comparison with hydrochar. Fuel 291:120128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.12012810.1016/j.fuel.2021.120128 ↗
33. Kambo HS, Dutta A (2015) A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 45:359–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.05010.1016/j.rser.2015.01.050 ↗
34. Hessien M (2022) Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of pomegranate peels into hydrochar for environmental applications. Energies 15(10):3629. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1510362910.3390/en15103629 ↗
35. Matheus Cavali, Nelson Libardi Junior, Julia Dutra de Sena, Adenise Lorenci Woiciechowski, Carlos Ricardo Soccol, Paulo Belli Filho, Rémy Bayard, Hassen Benbelkacem, Armando Borges de Castilhos Junior (2023) A review on hydrothermal carbonization of potential biomass wastes, characterization and environmental applications of hydrochar, and biorefinery perspectives of the process. Sci Total Environ 857(3):159627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.15962710.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159627 ↗
36. Ángel Fernández-Sanromán, Gabriela Lama, Marta Pazos, Emilio Rosales, Maria Ángeles Sanromán (2021) Bridging the gap to hydrochar production and its application into frameworks of bioenergy, environmental and biocatalysis areas. Biores Technol 320(B):124399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.12439910.1016/j.biortech.2020.124399 ↗
37. Zhang S, Zhu X, Zhou H, Shang H, Luo J, Tsang DCW (2019) Hydrothermal carbonization for hydrochar production and its application. Biochar Biomass Waste. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811729-3.00015-710.1016/B978-0-12-811729-3.00015-7 ↗
38. June Fang Lu, Zhan YS, Ok BG (2018) Minireview of potential applications of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of biomass. J Ind Eng Chem 57:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.02610.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.026 ↗
39. Niazi NK, Murtaza B, Bibi I, Shahid M, White JC, Nawaz MF, Bashir S, Shakoor MB, Choppala G, Murtaza G, Wang H (2016) Removal and recovery of metals by biosorbents and biochars derived from biowastes. Environ Mater Waste. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803837-6.00007-X10.1016/B978-0-12-803837-6.00007-X ↗
40. Jais FM, Chee CY, Ismail Z, Ibrahim S (2021) Experimental design via NaOH activation process and statistical analysis for activated sugarcane bagasse hydrochar for removal of dye and antibiotic. J Environm Chem Eng 9(1):104829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.10482910.1016/j.jece.2020.104829 ↗
41. Lv B-W, Huan Xu, Guo J-Z, Bai L-Q, Li B (2022) Efficient adsorption of methylene blue on carboxylate-rich hydrochar prepared by one-step hydrothermal carbonization of bamboo and acrylic acid with ammonium persulphate. J Hazardous Mater 421:126741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.12674110.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126741 ↗
42. Leena Pauline A, Joseph K (2020) Hydrothermal carbonization of organic wastes to carbonaceous solid fuel – A review of mechanisms and process parameters. Fuel 279:118472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.11847210.1016/j.fuel.2020.118472 ↗
43. Zhang B, Heidari M, Regmi B, Salaudeen S, Arku P, Thimmannagari M, Dutta A (2018) Hydrothermal carbonization of fruit wastes: a promising technique for generating hydrochar. Energies 11(8):2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1108202210.3390/en11082022 ↗
44. Wilk M, Czerwińska K, Śliz M, Imbierowicz M (2023) Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: Hydrochar properties and processing water treatment by distillation and wet oxidation. Energy Rep 9(5):39–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.03.09210.1016/j.egyr.2023.03.092 ↗
45. Afolabi OOD, Sohail M, Cheng Y-L (2020) Optimisation and characterisation of hydrochar production from spent coffee grounds by hydrothermal carbonization. Renewable Energy 147(1):1380–1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.09810.1016/j.renene.2019.09.098 ↗
46. Nizamuddin S, Baloch HA, Griffin GJ, Mubarak NM, Bhutto AW, Abro R, Mazari SA, Ali BS (2017) An overview of effect of process parameters on hydrothermal carbonization of biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 73:1289–1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.12210.1016/j.rser.2016.12.122 ↗
47. Harisankar S, Vishnu Mohan R, Vaishali Choudhary, Vinu R (2022) Effect of water quality on the yield and quality of the products from hydrothermal liquefaction and carbonization of rice straw. Biores Technol 351:127031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.12703110.1016/j.biortech.2022.127031 ↗
48. Chen B, Zongrun Gu, Mingjiang Wu, Ma Z, Lim HR, Khoo KS, Show PL (2022) Advancement pathway of biochar resources from macroalgae biomass: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 167:106650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.10665010.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106650 ↗
49. Carrasco S, Pino-Cortés E, Barra-Marín A, Fierro-Gallegos A, León M (2022) Use of hydrochar produced by hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass for thermal power plants in chile: a techno-economic and environmental study. Sustainability 14(13):8041. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1413804110.3390/su14138041 ↗
50. Tasca AL, Puccini M, Gori R, Corsi I, Galletti AMR, Vitolo S (2019) Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: A critical analysis of process severity, hydrochar properties and environmental implications. Waste Manag 93:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.02710.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.027 ↗
51. Güleç F, Riesco LMG, Williams O, Kostas ET, Samson A, Lester E (2021) Hydrothermal conversion of different lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks – Effect of the process conditions on hydrochar structures. Fuel 302:121166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.12116610.1016/j.fuel.2021.121166 ↗
52. Xiaoyuan Zheng, Zhengwei Jiang, Zhi Ying, Jiaxing Song, Wei Chen, Bo Wang (2020) Role of feedstock properties and hydrothermal carbonization conditions on fuel properties of sewage sludge-derived hydrochar using multiple linear regression technique. Fuel 271:117609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.11760910.1016/j.fuel.2020.117609 ↗
53. Zhang Z, Yang J, Qian J, Zhao Y, Wang T, Zhai Y (2021) Biowaste hydrothermal carbonization for hydrochar valorization: Skeleton structure, conversion pathways and clean biofuel applications. Biores Technol 324:124686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.12468610.1016/j.biortech.2021.124686 ↗
54. Lucian M, Volpe M, Gao L, Piro G, Goldfarb JL, Fiori L (2018) Impact of hydrothermal carbonization conditions on the formation of hydrochars and secondary chars from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Fuel 233:257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.06010.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.060 ↗
55. Czerwińska K, Śliz M, Wilk M (2022) Hydrothermal carbonization process: Fundamentals, main parameter characteristics and possible applications including an effective method of SARS-CoV-2 mitigation in sewage sludge. A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 154:111873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.11187310.1016/j.rser.2021.111873 ↗
56. Antero RVP, Alves ACF, Ferreira Sales PT, de Oliveira SB, Ojala SA, Brum SS (2019) A new approach to obtain mesoporous-activated carbon via hydrothermal carbonization of Brazilian Cerrado biomass combined with physical activation for bisphenol-A removal. Chem Eng Commun 206(11):1498–1514. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2019.160162510.1080/00986445.2019.1601625 ↗
57. Liu F, Ruidong Yu, Ji X, Guo M (2018) Hydrothermal carbonization of holocellulose into hydrochar: Structural, chemical characteristics, and combustion behavior. Biores Technol 263:508–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.01910.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.019 ↗
58. Wang R, Lin Z, Peng P, Tan S, Zhao Z, Yin Q, Wang C (2022) Influence mechanism of aqueous organic components on the hydrochar formation reaction during the biomass hydrothermal carbonization wastewater recycling. Fuel 326:125033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.12503310.1016/j.fuel.2022.125033 ↗
59. Wang Q, Shuang Wu, Cui Da, Zhou H, Dongyang Wu, Pan S, Faxing Xu, Wang Z (2022) Co-hydrothermal carbonization of organic solid wastes to hydrochar as potential fuel: A review. Sci Total Environ 850:158034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.15803410.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158034 ↗
60. Marulanda VA, Botero CD, Gutierrez CA, Alzate C (2019) Thermochemical, biological, biochemical, and hybrid conversion methods of bio-derived molecules into renewable fuels. Adv Bioprocess Alternat Fuels Biobased Chem Bioproducts. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817941-3.00004-810.1016/B978-0-12-817941-3.00004-8 ↗
61. Ponnusamy VK, Nagappan S, Bhosale RR, Lay C-H, Nguyen DD, Pugazhendhi A, Woong CS, Kuma G (2020) Review on sustainable production of biochar through hydrothermal liquefac-tion: Physico-chemical properties and applications. Biores Technol 310:123414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.12341410.1016/j.biortech.2020.123414 ↗
62. Castello D, Pedersen TH, Rosendahl LA (2018) Continuous hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: a critical review. Energies 11(11):3165. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1111316510.3390/en11113165 ↗
63. Cantero-Tubilla B, Cantero DA, Martinez CM, Tester JW, Walker LP, Posmanik R (2018) Characterization of the solid products from hydrothermal liquefaction of waste feedstocks from food and agricultural industries. J Supercrit Fluids 133(2):665–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.00910.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.009 ↗
64. Usman M, Shi Z, Ren S, Ngo HH, Luo G, Zhang S (2020) Hydrochar promoted anaerobic digestion of hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater: Focusing on the organic degradation and microbial community. Chem Eng J 399:125766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.12576610.1016/j.cej.2020.125766 ↗
65. Liu Q, Zhang G, Liu M, Kong Ge, Ruolan Xu, Han L, Zhang X (2022) Fast hydrothermal liquefaction coupled with homogeneous catalysts to valorize livestock manure for enhanced biocrude oil and hydrochar production. Renew Energy 198:521–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.08.09010.1016/j.renene.2022.08.090 ↗
66. Brindhadevi K, Anto S, Rene ER, Sekar M, Mathimani T, Chie NTL, Pugazhendhi A (2021) Effect of reaction temperature on the conversion of algal biomass to bio-oil and biochar through pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. Fuel 285:119106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.11910610.1016/j.fuel.2020.119106 ↗
67. Gollakota ARK, Kishore N, Sai Gu (2018) A review on hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 81(1):1378–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.17810.1016/j.rser.2017.05.178 ↗
68. Ni J, Qian L, Wang Y, Zhang Bo, Heng Gu, Yamin Hu, Wang Q (2022) A review on fast hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Fuel 327:125315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.12513510.1016/j.fuel.2022.125135 ↗
69. Marrakchi F, Toor SS, Nielsen AH, Pedersen TH, Rosendahl LA (2023) Bio-crude oils production from wheat stem under subcritical water conditions and batch adsorption of post-hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase onto activated hydrochars. Chem Eng J 452(2):139293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.13929310.1016/j.cej.2022.139293 ↗
70. Norouzi O, Mazhkoo S, Haddadi SA, Arjmand M, Dutta A (2022) Hydrothermal liquefaction of green macroalgae Cladophora glomerata: Effect of functional groups on the catalytic performance of graphene oxide/polyurethane composite. Catal Today 404:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2022.01.02110.1016/j.cattod.2022.01.021 ↗
71. Masoumi S, Boahene PE, Dalai AK (2021) Biocrude oil and hydrochar production and characterization obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae in methanol-water system. Energy 217:119344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.11934410.1016/j.energy.2020.119344 ↗
72. Sarker TR, Nanda S, Dalai AK (2022) Hydrogen-rich gas production from hydrothermal gasification of fuel pellets obtained from co-pelletization of agricultural residues. Int J Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.13410.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.134 ↗
73. Manoj Tripathi JN, Sahu P, Ganesan TKD (2015) Effect of temperature on dielectric properties and penetration depth of oil palm shell (OPS) and OPS char synthesized by microwave pyrolysis of OPS. Fuel 153:257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.11810.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.118 ↗
74. Gaudino EC, Cravotto G, Manzoli M, Tabasso S (2019) from waste biomass to chemicals and energy via microwaveassisted processes. Green Chem 21:1202–1235. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC03908A10.1039/C8GC03908A ↗
75. Zulkornain MF, Shamsuddin AH, Normanbhay S, Saad JM, Zhang YS, Samsuri S, Ghani WAWAK (2021) Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization for solid biofuel application: a Brief Review. Carbon Capture Sci Technol 1:100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2021.10001410.1016/j.ccst.2021.100014 ↗
76. Cao L, Yu IKM, Cho D-W, Wang Di, Tsang DCW, Zhang S, Ding S, Wang L, Ok YS (2019) Microwave-assisted low-temperature hydrothermal treatment of red seaweed (Gracilaria lemaneiformis) for production of levulinic acid and algae hydrochar. Biores Technol 273:251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.01310.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.013 ↗
77. Deng C, Kang X, Lin R, Murphy JD (2020) Microwave assisted low-temperature hydrothermal treatment of solid anaero-bic digestate for optimising hydrochar and energy recovery. Chem Eng J 395:124999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.12499910.1016/j.cej.2020.124999 ↗
78. Mubarak NM, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Jayakuamr NS (2016) Plam oil empty fruit bunch based magnetic biochar composite comparison for synthesis by microwave-assisted and conventional heating. J Anal Appl Pyrol 120:521–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.06.02610.1016/j.jaap.2016.06.026 ↗
79. Junqing Xu, Zhang J, Huang J, He W, Li G (2020) Conversion of phoenix tree leaves into hydro-char by microwaveassisted hydrothermal carbonization. Biores Technol Rep 9:100353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.10035310.1016/j.biteb.2019.100353 ↗
80. Wang J-X, Chen S-W, Lai F-Y, Liu S-y, Xiong J-b, Zhou C-F, Yi-Yua H-J (2020) Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of pig feces for the production of hydrochar. J Supercrit Fluids 162:104858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2020.10485810.1016/j.supflu.2020.104858 ↗
81. Soroush S, Ronsse F, Park J, Ghysels S, Di Wu, Kim K-W, Heynderickx PM (2023) Microwave assisted and conventional hydrothermal treatment of waste seaweed: Comparison of hydrochar properties and energy efficiency. Sci Total Environ 878:163193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.16319310.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163193 ↗
82. Toufiq Reza M, Andert J, Wirth B, Busch D, Pielert J, Lynam JG, Mumme J (2014) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass for energy and crop production. Appl Bioenergy 1:11–29. https://doi.org/10.2478/apbi-2014-000110.2478/apbi-2014-0001 ↗
83. Khan TA, Saud AS, Jamari SS, Rahim MHA, Park J-W, Kim H-J (2019) Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass for carbon rich material preparation: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 130:105384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.10538410.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105384 ↗
84. Khan N, Sooraj Mohan P, Dinesha, (2021) Regimes of hydrochar yield from hydrothermal degradation of various lignocellulosic biomass: a review. J Clean Prod 288:125629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.12562910.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125629 ↗
85. Funke A, Ziegler F (2010) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: a summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 4:160–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.19810.1002/bbb.198 ↗
86. Akhtar J, Amin NAS (2011) A review on process conditions for optimum bio-oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:1615–1624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.05410.1016/j.rser.2010.11.054 ↗
87. Gallant R, Farooque AA, He S, Kang K, Yulin Hu (2022) A mini-review: biowaste-derived fuel pellet by hydrothermal carbonization followed by pelletizing. Sustainability 14:12530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14191253010.3390/su141912530 ↗
88. Shen R, Jianwen Lu, Yao Z, Zhao L, Yulong Wu (2021) The hydrochar activation and biocrude upgrading from hydrothermal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Biores Technol 342:125914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.12591410.1016/j.biortech.2021.125914 ↗
89. MacDermid-Watts K, Pradhan R, Dutta A (2020) Catalytic hydrothermal carbonization treatment of biomass for enhanced activated carbon: a review. Waste Biomass Valoriz 12:2171–2186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01134-x10.1007/s12649-020-01134-x ↗
90. Quevedo-Amador RA, Reynel-Avila HE, Mendoza-Castillo DI, Badawi M, Bonilla-Petriciolet A (2022) Functionalized hydrochar-based catalysts for biodiesel production via oil transesterification: Optimum preparation conditions and performance assessment. Fuel 312:122731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.12273110.1016/j.fuel.2021.122731 ↗
91. Raval NP, Shah PU, Shah NK (2016) Adsorptive removal of nickel(II) ions from aqueous environment: a review. J Environ Manage 179:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.04510.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.045 ↗
92. Arora R (2019) Adsorption of heavy metals–a review. Mater Today Proc 18:4745–4750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.46210.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.462 ↗
93. Saleh TA, Mustaqeem M, Khaled M (2022) Water treatment technologies in removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: A review. Environ Nanotechnol Monitor Manag 17:100617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.10061710.1016/j.enmm.2021.100617 ↗
94. Adel M, Ahmed MA, Elabiad MA, Mohamed AA (2022) Removal of heavy metals and dyes from wastewater using graphene oxide-based nanomaterials: a critical review. Environ Nanotechnol Monitor Manag 18:100719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.10071910.1016/j.enmm.2022.100719 ↗
95. Peng H, Guo J (2020) Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane fltration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:2055–2068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01058-x10.1007/s10311-020-01058-x ↗
96. Bayuo J, Rwiza M, Mtei K (2022) A comprehensive review on the decontamination of lead(II) from water and wastewater by low-cost biosorbents. RSC Adv 12:11233–11254. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA00796G10.1039/D2RA00796G ↗
97. Xue Y, Gao B, Yao Y, Inyang M, Zhang M, Zimmerman AR, Ro KS (2012) Hydrogen peroxide modification enhances the ability of biochar (hydrochar) produced from hydrothermal carbonization of peanut hull to remove aqueous heavy metals: Batch and column tests. Chem Eng J 200–202:673–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.11610.1016/j.cej.2012.06.116 ↗
98. Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang X, Wenzhu Wu, Cui X, Cheng Z, Yan B, Yang X, He Z, Chen G (2022) Hydrothermal conversion of Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator (Sedum alfredii) for heavy metal separation and hydrochar production. J Hazardous Mater 423:127122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.12712210.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127122 ↗
99. Song H, Zhou J, He S, Ma Q, Peng L, Yin M, Lin H, Zeng Q (2023) Efficient removal of heavy metals from contaminated sunflower straw by an acid-assisted hydrothermal process. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20(2):1311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2002131110.3390/ijerph20021311 ↗
100. Deng J, Li X, Wei X, Liu Y, Liang J, Song B, Shao Y, Huang W (2020) Hybrid silicate-hydrochar composite for highly efficient removal of heavy metal and antibiotics: Coadsorption and mechanism. Chem Eng J 387:124097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.12409710.1016/j.cej.2020.124097 ↗