journal article·2026-04-22Open access

Kirkendall‐Effect‐Mediated Hollow Bimetallic Hexacyanoferrates for Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries: Suppressing Jahn–Teller Distortions and Enhancing Ion Transport and Cyclability

Jihong Kim, Nayeon Shin, Byung Do Lee, Sung Min Wi, Sohyeon Park, Woon Bae Park, Younghyun Cho, Wook Ahn, Jaehan Lee, Jong Bae Park, Juwon Lee, Sangyeon Pak, Young‐Woo Lee

Abstract

ABSTRACT The rational design of Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) with tailored architectures is essential for advancing aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). Here, a hollow bimetallic Ni–Mn hexacyanoferrate (H‐NiMnHCF) cathode is synthesized through a Kirkendall‐effect‐mediated route, in which the Ni content is systematically tuned to optimize shell thickness, structural uniformity, and electrochemical functionality. Ni incorporation induces controlled void formation and homogeneous Mn–Ni alloying, while enhancing electronic conductivity and suppressing Jahn–Teller (JT) distortions associated with Mn³⁺. Density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal a reduction in axis‐selective bond anisotropy (ΔL₁ from ≈12.4% to ≈7.3%) and a narrowed bandgap with increased electronic states near the Fermi level, consistent with the experimentally observed low charge‐transfer resistance. The Kirkendall‐derived hollow morphology further increases the active surface and shortens Zn²⁺ diffusion pathways, enabling rapid ion transport and reversible redox kinetics. The optimized 1/2 Ni electrode delivers high capacity, low interfacial resistance, and excellent cycling retention (87.6% after 1000 cycles). Moreover, gel‐electrolyte pouch cells exhibit stable performance under bending, cutting, and puncturing, demonstrating mechanical robustness and safety. This study presents a morphology–composition co‐optimization strategy and offers mechanistic insights for designing structurally stable, high‐rate PBA cathodes for next‐generation AZIBs.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced battery technologies research · Advancements in Battery Materials · Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Energy Engineering Soonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea

Faculty of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering Sejong University Seoul Republic of Korea

School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering Hongik University Seoul Republic of Korea

Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering Sunchon National University Sunchon Republic of Korea

Advanced Energy Research Center Soonchunhyang University Asan Republic of Korea

Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Hongik University Sejong Republic of Korea

Jeonju Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute Jeonju Republic of Korea

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon Republic of Korea

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