Magnesium-based biomaterials for coordinated tissue repair: A comprehensive overview of design strategies, advantages, and challenges

Magnesium-based biomaterials (MBMs) are one of the most promising materials for tissue engineering due to their unique mechanical properties and excellent functional properties. This review describes the development, advantages, and challenges of MBMs for biomedical applications, especially for tissue repair and regeneration. The history of the use of MBMs from the beginning of the 20th century is traced, and the transformative advances in contemporary applications of MBMs in areas such as orthopedics and cardiovascular surgery are emphasized. The review also provides insight into the signaling pathways affected by MBMs, such as the PI3K/Akt and RANKL/RANK/OPG pathways, which are critical for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. The review advocates that future research should focus on optimizing alloy compositions, surface modification and exploring innovative technologies such as 3D printing to improve the efficacy of MBMs in complex tissue repair. The potential of MBMs to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is significant, urging further exploration and interdisciplinary collaboration to maximize their therapeutic effects.