Determination of a laser eye dazzle safety framework

A simple safety framework for laser eye dazzle, based on a complex model developed from human subject experiments, is proposed to address the urgent need for guidance within international laser safety standards. Maximum Dazzle Exposure (MDE) safety limits are derived that set the laser irradiance at the eye above which an object cannot be visually detected. A newly defined concept of dazzle level accounts for the extent of visual obscuration, and different ambient light levels are accommodated by determining safety limits for night, dusk/dawn, and day conditions. The resulting table of MDE values allows dazzle effects to be quantified in simple safety calculations across a wide range of scenarios. This safety framework is intended to empower the laser safety community to understand and quantify the impacts of laser eye dazzle, specify protection measures for those at risk, and assure the safety and effectiveness of laser dazzle devices.