Multi-angle assessment of leather strength and elasticity: Beyond standard parallel and perpendicular measurement

Tensile strength and elongation are key mechanical properties of leather that reveal important aspects of its performance. Traditionally, these properties are measured using samples taken in two directions - parallel and perpendicular to the leather’s backbone line - and averaged. However, collagen fibers in leather are oriented in various directions and proportions throughout the material. Unlike fabrics, where shear behaviors are considered, leather’s shear strength is often overlooked in property evaluations. Considering leather as a fabric, shear strength becomes significant because garments are subjected to forces in multiple directions during use. No prior studies have investigated leather strength by considering all directions beyond the standard parallel and perpendicular measurements. This study examines whether tensile strength and elongation vary with sampling direction. Data were collected at 15° intervals around a 360° circle from garment sheep leather samples. Results reveal that tensile strength was generally higher in samples taken parallel to the backbone line, while elongation was lower in this direction. This study helps leather apparel companies optimize cutting techniques by revealing how tensile strength and elongation vary with sampling direction. Improved cutting decisions lead to better garment performance, fit, and durability, while also enhancing customer satisfaction.