Influence of the conditions of a solid-state synthesis anode material $$\hbox {Li}₄\hbox {Ti}₅\hbox {O}₁₂ $$ Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 on its electrochemical properties of lithium cells

Lithium–titanium spinel is a promising electrode material for high power and environmentally friendly batteries. We did research on $$\hbox {Li}₄\hbox {Ti}₅\hbox {O}₁₂ $$ (LTO) samples, which were synthesized via solid-state reaction at various conditions in a temperature range from 800 to $$900{^\circ }\hbox {C}$$ and they were investigated by XRD, SEM, IS, cyclic voltammetry and the galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. X-ray diffractions show that all of the samples have a spinel structure with Fd-3m space group with a small amount of impurities $$\hbox {TiO}₂$$ (anatase). Lithium ion batteries with LTO-based electrode exhibit excellent reversible capacity of $$\,\sim 180\hbox { mAh}\hbox { g}^-1$$ in the current density range from 0.1 to 1 C. As an electrode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, LTO-F demonstrates the best rate and cyclic performance from all of the studied samples.