A proof of concept for low-cost rechargeable aqueous aluminium-ion batteries

In an effort to develop $$\hbox {Al}³⁺$$ ion-based rechargeable electrochemical cells, there is massive exploration of appropriate electrode materials in contemporary times. Aluminium is a natural choice due to its high abundance, low cost and easy processing. Herein, the working of rechargeable aqueous aluminium-ion batteries which comprise graphite from pencil sketch as the cathode, $$\hbox {TiO}_{{2}}$$ as the anode and an $$\hbox {Al}³⁺$$ ion conducting aqueous electrolyte is demonstrated for the first time. The aluminium-ion cell delivers a discharge voltage of 1.5 V and stable specific capacities of $$\hbox {25 mAh g}^-1$$ over 1000 cycles. This proof of concept emphasizes on the possibility of achieving sustainable, easy to assemble and low-cost rechargeable batteries.