Manganese dioxide nanoparticles: synthesis, application and challenges

In recent days, manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) have intrigued material science researches extensively due to its wide range of applications. They are widely used in energy storage devices (lithium-ion batteries, capacitors), catalysts, adsorbent, sensors and imaging, therapeutic activity, etc. Since they hold a lot of distinguished potentials, a robust protocol for cheap, stable, biocompatible and eco-friendly MnO2 NPs is necessary. They can be categorized into different phases like α, β, δ and others. Thus, owing to their peculiar character, they could be utilized for various purposes depending on the mode of action and applications. Hence, this review has summarized conventional methods, such as hydrothermal, sol–gel, oxidation–reduction used for the generation of MnO2 NPs. Likewise, morphological characterization by various spectroscopic techniques also outlined. It is found that the particular method of generation of MnO2 NPs is useful for a specific phase. Graphical representation of manganese dioxide nanoparticles: synthesis and application