Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based characterization and multitarget bioactivities of argan (Argania spinosa) oil

Argan oil exhibits promising pharmacological activities supported by its rich phytochemical composition, as confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Major constituents included trans-13-Octadecenoic acid (20.0%) and Isopropyl tetradecanoate (25.6%), along with antioxidant-rich terpenoids and phenolics. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated strong inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans, with low minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal, and minimum fungicidal concentration values (31.2 µg/mL), though limited activity was noted against Salmonella typhi. Argan oil showed dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with IC₅₀ values of 15.1 µg/mL and 26.2 µg/mL, respectively, suggesting antidiabetic potential. It also inhibited butyrylcholinesterase (IC₅₀ = 15.9 µg/mL), indicating possible neuroprotective properties. Antioxidant activity assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay showed a concentration-dependent increase, with IC₅₀ = 4.97 µg/mL, approaching the effectiveness of ascorbic acid at high doses. Lipase inhibition (IC₅₀ = 25.10 µg/mL) highlighted potential anti-obesity effects. Cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells was significant (IC₅₀ = 36.17 µg/mL), with morphological damage correlating with dose, suggesting antiproliferative effects. These activities are likely due to bioactive compounds, such as unsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols, which influence inflammation, apoptosis, and enzyme regulation. Overall, the findings support the therapeutic potential of argan oil as a natural agent in managing microbial infections, oxidative stress, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.